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Transcript
Hearing Disabilities Learners Who Are Deaf or Hard of Hearing • Overview- Isolation can accompany a hearing loss • Controversy concerning whether children should be educated to communicate orally or through manual sign language • Some do become fluent enough in spoken English to function in mainstream society • Many members of the Deaf community consider themselves part of a cultural minority rather than disabled Definition and Classification • Decibels- units of relative loudness of sounds • Congenitally deaf- deafness that is present at birth; can be caused by genetic factors • Adventitiously deaf- deafness that occurs through illness or accident in an individual who was born with normal hearing • Prelingual deafness- deafness that occurs before the development of spoken language • Postlingual deafness- deafness occurring after the development of speech and language Degrees of Hearing loss • • • • Mild- 26-54 db. Moderate- 55-69 db. Severe- 70-89 db Profound- 90 and above Prevalence • Differences in definition, populations studied, and accuracy of testing contribute to varying figures • U.S. Dept. of Education estimate that about .14 percent of the population from 617 years of age is identified as deaf or hard of hearing Anatomy and Physiology of the Ear • The Outer Ear – Tympanic membrane (eardrum)- Anatomical boundary between the outer and middle ears; the sound gathered in the outer ear vibrates here – Auricle- The visible part of the ear; cartilage; collects sounds The Middle Ear • Ossicles- three tiny bones (malleus, incus, and stapes) that make a transfer of sound waves from the eardrum to the oval window – Mallues- hammer-shaped bone – Incus- anvil-shaped bone – Stapes- stirrup – Oval Window- The link between the middle and inner ears The Inner Ear • Vestibular mechanism- located in the upper portion of the inner ears; responsible for sense of balance • Cochlea- snail-shaped organ that lies below the vestibular mechanism, converts the sounds into electric signals that are transmitted to the brain Diagram of the ear Measurement of Hearing Ability • Screening Tests – Otoacoustic emissions- low-intensity sounds produced by the cochlea in response to auditory stimulation; used to screen hearing problems in infants and very young kids – Pure-Tone Audiometry- a test where tones of various intensities and frequencies are presented to determine a person’s hearing loss – Speech Audiometry- technique that tests a person’s detection and understanding of speech Tests for Young and Hard to Test Children • Speech reception threshold (SRT)- the decibel level at which a person can understand speech • Play audiometry- use of a game-like format to test hearing of young and hard to test children. • Tympanometry- a method of measuring the middle ear’s response to pressure and sounds Causes • Conductive- transfer of sound in outer or middle ear • Sensorineural- inner ear • Mixed Hearing Loss- combination of both • Hearing Loss and the Outer Ear – External otitis-swimmer’s ear (infection) • Hearing Loss and the Middle Ear – Otitis media • Hearing Loss and the Inner Ear – Congenital cytomegalovirus Psychological and Behavioral Characteristics • English Language and Speech Development- English vs, ASL • Intellectual Ability-difficulty in testing • Academic Achievement-deficits • Social Adjustment- based on communication Educational Considerations • Oral Approach: Auditory-Verbal Approach and Speechreading • Total Communication – http://www.masterstechhome.com/ASLDict.html • The Bicultural-Bilingual Approach • Service Delivery Models • Technological Advances Early Intervention • Critical-language development-oral vs. manual • Children with deaf parents develop language (ASL) faster Transition to Adulthood • Postsecondary Education – Gallaudet University – Traditional univrsities • Family Issues – 95% choose deaf spouses – 90% of their offspring can hear