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Anthropology 311 Sample questions and answers for Term Test One 1. Provide the following information about the Pongidae: a. Popular name for this group of animals (2) Great Apes b. Taxonomic level (1) Family c. The two possible suborder designations for this group (2) Anthropoidea & Haplorhini d. Provide the name of each genus within this group (proper spelling required), and for each genus the popular name, the geographic range, primary habitat (arboreal/terrestrial/both), and the name (first and last) of famous long term researcher set up by Louis Leakey. 15 points Genus Popular Name Geographic Range Arboreal, terrestrial, or both? Arboreal Name of Researcher Birute Galdikas Pongo Orangutan S.E. Asia Gorilla Gorilla Africa Terrestrial Dian Fossey Pan Chimpanzee Africa Both Jane Goodall 2. I am a nocturnal neotropical primate without a tapetum. First, define a tapetum, then provide the following information about me. 9 points total. Definition of tapetum (2) - Reflective layer of cells in the retina, aka “eye shine”, found in many nocturnal animals. Popular name (1) Owl Monkey, Night Monkey, Dourcouli Geographic Location (1) South America Family name (1) Cebidae Infraorder, plus visible feature of my infraorder (2) Two possible suborders (2) Platyrrhini Anthropoidea Flat nose, side facing nostrils Haplorhini 3. Provide all of the following for the term adaptive radiation: 7 points total Definition of adaptive radiation (2) the diversification and multiplication of new forms resulting in Two ways opportunities occur with an example of each (4) External - New habitats become Internal – new opportunities available because others vacate open up because the lineage the habitats or the animals come develops a new adaptive upon vacant habitats potential Example – mass extinction Example – reptile hard shelled empties habitats, new lands are waterproof egg opened up colonized terrestrial habitats Mammals in the Cenozoic, lemurs on Madagascar, Cercopithecus species in African forests in Pliocene, neotropical monkeys one the new world continents, other if correct Example of an adaptive radiation involving primates (1) many new or descendent species due to new opportunities 4. Karen Strier, author of our textbook, is best known for her long-term study of a monkey that is featured on our textbook cover. Provide the following information about this monkey. 8 points total, one point per row/item. Genus Popular name Continent found on Family Unique physical feature of this Family Aspect of behavior that surprised Strier Arboreal or Terrestrial Nocturnal or Diurnal? Brachyteles Muriquis South America Atelidae Prehensile tail Peaceful egalitarian social relationships OR Female dispersal and male residence Arboreal Diurnal 5. Define (2) and give an example (1) of an energy minimizing primate. Energy minimizers have evolved a strategy of o low energy expenditure, or high levels of inactivity o which they manage by relying on lower quality diets Must have both points (activity and diet) for both marks. Examples: howlers, gorillas, colobines. Lorises are not an example. They are slow moving and cryptic to avoid predation (and may have low BMR) but they have a high quality diet of insects and fruit. 6. What does the term Eocene refer to? (1) Give 5 correct pieces of information about the Eocene. 6 points total. Eocene refers to . . . a geological time period during the Cenozoic Era (known as an epoch) ANY 5 Started 55 mya, ended 38 mya, rapid cooling, seasonality at high latitudes, OF prosimian primates emerge/diverge, modern orders of mammals appear, THESE primate evolution occurring in Europe, North America, Asia, gone from (or Europe and North America by end of ecocene, Africa and S. America move others apart during Eocene, continuation of Paleocene mountain building and from spread of mammals, possible appearance of basal anthropoid fossils text) 7. What is meant by allometric scaling? (2) Why are allometric relationships important to identify? (2) Allometric scaling refers to when two variables (1) (such as body size and brain size) increase or decrease at different rates (1) Allometric relationships are important to identify because they help us to identify when evolution may have produced a distinguishing trait (such as large brain relative to body size in primates), as opposed to a trait that is a consequence of the evolution of something else (such as large brains in elephants which is a consequence of their large body size). (2) 8. One subfamily of monkeys is known for being anatomically specialized leaf eaters. Provide all of the following information about this subfamily. (5 points). Subfamily name (1) Colobinae Superfamily name (1) Cercopithecoidea Example of a species (popular name ok) (1) Langurs, leaf monkeys, colobus monkeys, golden monkeys, golden monkeys, proboscis monkeys, etc. Geographic range (2) Africa and Asia