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Analysing Globalisation
We can use three perspectives to aid us in our analysis
of globalisation:
•Globalist
•Internationalist
•Transformationalist
The use of these different perspectives is helpful in
evaluating how, and on whom, the processes of
globalisation impact.
We can compare the similarities and differences
between the three perspectives, focusing on what
globalisation means to each one.
Globalisation of Culture
Globalist
Positive
What is Happening?
How do we Know?
(evidence/examples)
Who is affected?
(and how?)
What are the
implications for the
future?
Pessimist
Internationalist
Transformationalist
What Is Happening?
Globalization broadly refers to the expansion of
global linkages, the organization of social life on a
global scale, and the growth of a global
consciousness, hence to the consolidation of world
society.
Globalisation is an inevitable development, which
cannot be resisted.
Social processes operate at a global scale, making
national boundaries less important.
The world becomes less diverse and more
homogeneous.
Our cultural traits, practices and goods are
becoming increasingly global.
How Do We Know?
 Africans rush to buy
Western clothes,
donated by the USA and
shun locally made
textiles.
 40% of worldwide
exports of
programming hours
come from the USA.
 Roughly a quarter of
the population speak
English.
Who Is Affected?
 Western countries are powerful enough to resist change.
 They can impose their own agenda on the world.
 Most of what is thought of as global culture originates in the
USA, e.g.
- Coca-Cola
- McDonald's
- Disney
- MTV
 Women and unskilled workers are victims of globalisation.
 The cultural spread of information technology means those not
computer literate are left behind.
Implications For The Future.
 More unemployment as
unskilled workers are left
behind.
 Globalisation exacerbates
the inequalities between
countries.
 Concentration of ownership
in the media means fewer
voices can be heard.
Positive Globalist Culture
Globalists see globalisation as an inevitable development
which cannot be resisted. Positive globalists see this as a
good thing which can improve social relations, sharing of
cultures and living standards.
What is happening?
• Globalisation is about the growing worldwide interconnections
between societies.
• Cultural traits, practices and goods are becoming increasingly
global.
• There are huge and fast-growing culture flows between
countries.
• Ownership of TVs and radios has increased across the world,
sharing cultures and different ways of life.
How do we know?
•
•
•
•
•
Ownership of cable TV has grown in the UK from 149, 000 to 2, 374,
000 between 1995 and 1998.
There has been a dramatic increase in the number of television
channels.
It was estimated that there would be a doubling of broadcast
programme hours in Western Europe between 1986 and 2000.
The number of televisions owned in Burkina Faso has risen from 9,000
in 1975 to 100.000 in 1997.
In 2000, about a third of households in the UK had cable or satellite,
compared with 12% in France and 98% in the Netherlands.
Who is affected? (and how)
•
•
•
•
Public Sphere – space for public debate on policy which is
free from government or institutional control
Rheingold – whereas television has become entertainment
for profit the internet is an electronic forum through
which public opinion can be regenerated as citizen engage
in rational argument
Rheingold greater diversity or plurality of voices to be
heard – new forms of participation community and
democracy
‘Global village’ Marshall Mcluchan 1960s – new
communication technologies allow instant, inexpensive,
global communication
Implications
•
•
•
The growth in global culture flows signals the demise of
natural cultures
Cultural elitists controlling communications/broadcasting such
as the BBC
Danger of global environmental pollution however new
technologies are likely to reduce levels of pollution and the
pollution could be controlled if everybody took some
responsibility in reducing unsustainable levels of consumption
What is Happening??
• They argue that the significance of
Globalisation as a new phase has been
exaggerated.
• They say that national cultures continue
unchanged in the context of cultural
Globalisation .
• Globalisation ignores ways in which key
cultural forms remain deeply national.
How do we know?
(evidence/examples)
• Examples of the press agree with the InterNationalists perspective. The only examples of
global press in the UK are the Financial Times &
The Wall Street Press.
• In the UK in 1999, only a third of households had
cable or satellite showing a resilience to global
challenges.
• MTV Europe and Star television in India provide
limits of globalization- in each case, consumers
rejected global broadcasting and this be
replaced with domestically produced material.
Who is affected?
(and how?)
• May affect whole country or nation e.g.
general public.
• This is because factors such as the press
are profoundly national in it’s organisation
and not globalised.
What are the implications for the
future?
• The history of the telegraph suggests that there
is nothing dramatically new about recent
communication technologies and global
communication, and cautions us regarding the
more apocalyptic claims which are made about
‘the information revolution’.
• Therefore, there are no major implications for
the future.
What's happening?
Different cultures are being
expressed and made more
familiar by different forms of
media such as Television and
radio. This globalisation of
culture is decoded differently by
different countries ( e.g.
different countries interpret he
programmes in their own ways
especially when the
programmes deal with politics
and other more serious ideas.
How Do We Know?
This TV schedule shows the
variety of different cultures that
an English audience can
experience on a ‘normal’ days
TV scheduling. The dominant
cultures are that of ‘American’
sitcoms and ‘Australian’ soap
operas.
How Do We Know?
1
Ne -Yo ‘So Sick’ 6
2
Embrace‘Natures Law’
3
Orson -‘No
Tomorrow’
4
5
Pink- ‘Stupid
Girls’
Corin Bailey
Rae- ‘Put Your
Records On’
7
8
9
10
PCD- ‘Beep’
BEP – ‘Pump it’
Chico -‘Chico Time’
Kanye West -‘ Touch
The Sky’
Sugababes - ‘Red
Dress’
6 of the top ten selling single in the chart this week are American! Showing
the globalisation of American culture, in this case music. (see also TV
scheduling on previous page)
Who is affected? (and how?)
• According to Mc Grew globalisation is real and having a
significant impact on social life but, unlike extreme globalists
who see globalisation as having a fundamental effect on all areas
of life, it only has an impact on certain aspects of life. Also
according to Mc Grew globalisation has had the most effect on
politics and states.
• Mattelart & Schiller assume that the audience attend to assume
that viewing western capitalist TV entails the inculcation of
western values and contributes to everyday life. This in general
effects countries who watch and/or listen to imported culture.
•Miller argues that such methods do not effect everyday life i.e.
media and music because countries ‘decode’ such things like TV
differently.
•It is also argued that culture flows such as TV help the
developed countries get richer.
What are the implications for the
future?
• The
matter is complex and diverse, unpredictable and varies.
• Outcomes less unidimensional were as inter-nationalists and
globalists see it more unidimensional.
• Natural cultural identity is a growing problematic notion.
• Political, economic and communication flows are historically
unprecedented, the direction remains uncertain since
globalisation is a contingent process replete with conflict and
tension
Globalisation of the Global Economy
Globalist
What is Happening?
How do we Know?
(evidence/examples)
Who is affected?
(and how?)
What are the
implications for the
future?
Internationalist
Transformationalist
What is Happening?
Economic Globalists understand globalisation as a phenomenon
concerning the growing integration of the national economies of most
states in the world, based on 5 interrelated drivers of change:
•Growing international trade
•Increasing financial flows
•Increased communications
•Technological advances
•Increased labour mobility
According to the globalist interpretation the outcome of growing
integration is that a single world wide economy is emerging and
functioning.
Globalists consider that in a single global economy in the making,
economic processes have a significant impact in other distant parts of
the world i.e. the threat of economic disruption in one continent can
have an immediate economic impact in others.
How do we know?
Evidence used in support of global thesis;
• Since the 1970`s trading and investment relationships have developed to
indicate much more intense cross national integration than ever before
• Dramatic improvements in global travel and advances in communication
technology
• Larger proportion of manufactured and agricultural goods exported than
ever before
• Amount of trade taking place in the form of transfer of goods at various
stages of production i.e. goods result of productive contributions from
various states in the world
• All forms of foreign investment have greatly increased
Who is affected and how?
•
•
•
•
•
•
Consumers – principal beneficiary because of quicker access to new
technology, cheaper imports and creation of millions of jobs.
Poor- first time ever there has been a sustained fall of those living in
poverty.
Developing nations- integrated global market accelerates the transfer of
technology from richer to poorer countries
Environment – increased pressure as “shrinking” of the world can
facilitate global pollution.
Global population- as organised crime syndicates and terrorist networks
can make effective use of global communications and technology
causing world wide threat
Developing nations- have never been as far behind the developed
nations in monetary value.
Implications for the future
This process is inevitable, economic factors determine the political and
cultural and economic evidence is the most significant;
• Positive Globalists see all states and peoples benefiting in the long
term
• Pessimistic Globalists see threats to a range of groups, including the
poor of the southern hemisphere, unskilled workers in the north,
women, and all of us as victims of pollution
What is Happening?
•Concept of economic globalisation has been exaggerated and its
impacts overstated.
•Rejects beliefs of globalists and transformationalists that globalisation is
a fact of life.
•Emphasises the continuities with international economy patterns in past.
Argues that international economy interactions are nothing new and that
there is certainly no inevitable evolutionary path towards a single global
economy.
•The growing and demanding international links in trade and investment
are accompanied by the continued dominance of independent statebased economic units.
How do we know?
• Argue that the evidence is that trade remains predominantly
regional, but unlike its transformationalists they look to
developments within national economics rather than by states to
explain it.
• The general increase in the level of int. trade over the past 50 years
only makes a return to around the level of attained prior to WW1.
• World merchandise exports: 1913 = 12% of world domestic product
1950 = 7%
1970 = 12%
1990 = 17%
• Therefore world trade has increased as domestic output has gone
up.
• Capital flows between advanced states remain the most important
indicator of what is happening in the int. economic system.
Who is Affected?
• Current developments favour the strong and threaten the vulnerable.
• International economic governance is still directed by the stronger
and richer economies and is largely in their interests.
• The advanced economies remain in control of decisions about the
direction in which economic matters should develop.
• National economies and regional groups of economies with high
incomes such as those centred on the USA, Japan and EU have the
political power to block or at least postpone and dilute moves in
global trade that threaten their interests.
• Poor and isolated economies with low GDP are as vulnerable
economically to the rules of the powerful as they were politically to
imperial powers in the past.
Implications for the Future
• What we are facing is more a ‘conjunctural change towards greater
int. trade and investment within an existing set of economic
relations,’ as opposed to ‘the development of a new economic
structure.’
• Developing nations face deterioration of their trade balances.
• Developed countries will continue to dominate most markets for high
value added goods.
WHAT IS HAPPENING?
•
•
•
•
GLOBALISATION IS HAPPENING BUT THE RESULTS ARE UNPREDICTABLE.
THIS REJECTS THE GENERALISATIONS MADE BY THE GLOBALISTS AND SAY
NATION STATES REMAIN MILITARY, ECONOMICALLY AND POLITICALLY
POWERFUL. HOWEVER, THEY BELIEVE THE STATES NEED TO CONTROL
GLOBOLISATION ASIT CAN HAVE MATERIAL IMPACTS AND EFFECTS. THESE
EFFECTS ARE UNEVEN AND WARRANT CONCERN.
THE STRENGTH OF GLOBAL ECONOMIC FORCES NEEDS TO BE
RECOGNISED, BUT IN ORDER TO TRANSFORM GOLBALISATION THE STATES
NEED TO RESIST THEM AND NEGOTIATE CONTROLS OVER THEM. UNLIKE
GLOBALISTS, THEY SAY STATES AND CULTURAL COMMUNITIES STILL HAVE
THE AGENCY TO EITHER EMBRASE OR RESIST CHANGE AND NOT THAT
ECONOMIC FACTORS DETERMINE WHAT GOES ON IN THE POLITICAL AND
CULTURAL REALMS. THEREFORE POLITICAL AND CULTURAL GROUPINGS
ARE SHAPED BUT NOT FULLY DETERMINED BY ECONOMIC CONDITIONS.
ECONOMIC GLOBALISATION EMPOSED NEW CONSTRAINTS UPON THE
WELFARE REGIME WHICH HAS GENERATED NEW DEMANDS, WHICH ENVITE
A CONTINUING REFORM OF THE WELFARE STATE. GLOBALISATION IS
REDEFINING THE ROLE AND FUNCTIONS OF NATIONAL GOVENMENTS,
EMPHASISING ITS POTENTIAL STRATEGIC COODINATING ROLE (OPPOSES
INTERVENTIONALISTS, WHICH REDISTRIBUTE STATE OF POST-WAR ERA).
AN EXAMPLE OF A TRANSFORMATIONALIST IS SCHOLTE AND IN 2001 HE
STATES “STATES ARE BY NO MEANS POWERLESS IN THE FACE OF
ECONOMIC GLOBALISATION. AFTER ALL GOVERNMENTS AND CENTRAL
BANKS CONTINUE TO EXERT MAJOR INFLUENCE ON MONEY SUPPLIES AND
INTEREST RATES. RECENT YEARS HAVE SEEN INCREASED INTERGOVERNMENTAL CONSULTATIONS TO OBTAIN TIGHTER OFFICIAL OVERSIGHT
OF OFSHORE FINANCE.”
HOW DO WE KNOW?
•
•
THEY POINT TO SUCCESFUL DEVELOPMENT OF REGIONAL ECONOMIC
GROUPINGS THAT ENABLE PARTICULAR STATES TO BENNEFIT FROM
GREATER ECONOMIC ACTIVITY WITHOUT SUCCUMBING TO UNLIMITED
MARKET PRESSURES.
REGIONALISATION IS A TERM USED BY GLOBALISTS BUT
TRANSFORMATIONALISTS USE THE TERM LOOSELY TO EXPLAIN ECONOMIC
ACTIVITY ACROSS STATE FRONTIERS BUT THEY EXPLAIN THAT THE STATES
RETAIN SOME ABILITY TO NEGOTIATE WITH OTHERS TO ESTABLISH RULES
FOR TRADE AND PLACE THEIR OWN REGULATIONS ON WHAT CAN BE
TRADED.
EVIDENCE TO SUPPORT THEIR PERSPECTIVE ARE;
1.
2.
3.
THE NORTH AMERICAN FREE TRADE AGREEMENT
EU
EAST ASIA BASED UPON JAPAN
•
THE EVIDENCE COLLECTED BY THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION SHOWED THAT
TRADE WAS WITHIN THE BLOCKS RATHER THAN BETWEEN THEM. A STUDY
FROM 1995 SHOWED THAT ONLY 10% OF OUTPUT WAS EXPORTED.
EXAMPLES
•
THE FOLLOWING COUNTRIES HAVE BENNEFITED FROM GLOBAL
ECONOMIC INTERGRATION BUT HAVE TAKEN STEPS TO LIMIT
ASPECTS OF ECONOMIC GLOBALISATION
 MALAYSIA – IMPOSED EMERGENCY CONTROLS ON THE MOVEMENT
OF CAPITAL IN REACTION TO THE ASIAN FINANCIAL CRISIS
 FRANCE – IMPOSED LIMITS ON THE IMPORT OF AMERICAN
CULTURAL PRODUCTS AND STILL HOLDS SUBSIDIES FOR ITS
FARMERS
 AMERICA – THE STEEL WAR – TRADE TARRIFS ON IMPORTS OF
STEEL
INTERSTATE CO-OPERATION HAS BEEN SEEN TO RESIST UNWANTED
GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT. FOR EXAMPLE IN THE WAKE OF ASIAN,
SOUTH AMERICAN AND RUSSIAN FINANCIAL CRISIES IN THE 1990’S,
CERTAIN COUNTRIES COLLABORATED TO DEVELOP A NEW
FINANCIAL ARCHITECTURE IN ORDER TO LIMIT THE POSSIBLE
EFFECTS IN THE FUTURE
WHO IS AFFECTED
• THE MULTINATIONAL COMPANIES ARE AFFECTED BECAUSE
RESTRICTIONS AND REGULATIONS ARE BEING PLACED UPON
THEM WHICH IN TURN LIMITS THEIR DEVELOPMENT.
• THE NATION STATES ARE AFFECTED BECAUSE THE
POSSIBLE TAKEOVER OF THE MULTINATIONALS MEANS
MINIMAL FLOW OF CAPITAL BETWEEN COUNTRIES.
• WOMEN ARE AFFECTED AS THE IMPORTANCE OF NETWORKS
FACILITATED BY THE INTERNET HAS INCREASED,
THEREFORE ALLOWING WOMEN TO CAMPAIGN ON
ECONOMIC ISSUES ON A TRANSNATIONAL BASIS. SASSEN
SAYS, “NEED AND AGENDAS OF WOMEN ARE NOT DEFINED
BY STATE BORDERS THEREFORE SEEING THE FORMATION
OF CROSS-BORDER SOLIDARITIES AND NOTIONS OF
MEMBERSHIP ROOTED IN GENDER, SEXUALITY AND
FEMINISM.
IMPLICATIONS FOR THE
FUTURE
• ECONOMIES ARE ADAPTING BUT ARE NOT BEING TAKEN
OVER HOWEVER, IF STEPS AREN’T TAKEN TO LIMIT
MULTINATIONAL CORPORATION’S TRADING, THEN THERE IS
FEAR THAT GOVENMENTS MAY LOSE POWER.
• FUKUYAMA – “GOVERNMENTS STILL HAVE THE CAPACITY TO
HAVE AN IMPACT ON GLOBAL TRADING PATTERNS. NATION
STATES SHOULD WORK TOGETHER TO EXERCISE CONTROLS
OVER GLOBAL ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS, SO THAT
MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS DON’T DOMINATE THE
GLOBAL ECONOMY”.
• IN ORDER TO MAINTAIN POWER WITHIN THE GOVERNMENT,
THEN GOVERNMENTS NEED TO STRESS INVESTEMENT IN
HUMAN CAPITAL AND TECHNICAL SKILLS, WHICH WILL MAKE
NATIONAL ECONOMIES MORE COMPETITIVE RATHER THAN
PASSIVE WELFARE BENEFITS (HELD AND MCGREW/2000)
BY RUKUDZO AND PHILLIP