Download Biology 1st Trimester Final Exam Review

Biology 1st Trimester Final Exam Review
Chapter 7 – Cell Structure and Function
7.1 – Life Is Cellular
 The cell theory states that 1) All living things are made up of cells, 2) Cells are the basic
units of structure and function in living things, and 3) New cells are produced from
existing cells.
 Most microscopes use lenses to magnify the image of an object by focusing light or
electrons.
 Prokaryotic cells do not separate their genetic material within a nucleus. In eukaryotic
cells, the nucleus separates the genetic material from the rest of the cell.
7.1 Vocabulary
Cell
Cell Theory
Cell Membrane
Nucleus
Eukaryote
Prokaryote
7.2 – Cell Structure
 The nucleus contains nearly all of the cell’s DNA and, with it, the coded instructions for
making proteins and other important molecules.
 Vacuoles store materials like water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates. Lysosomes break
down large molecules into smaller ones that can be used by the cell. They are also
involved in breaking down organelles that have outlived their usefulness. The
cytoskeleton helps the cell maintain its shape and is also involved in movement.
 Proteins are assembled on ribosomes.
 Proteins made on the rough ER include those that will be released from the cell as well as
many membrane proteins and proteins destined for specialized locations within the cell.
The Golgi apparatus then modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and other materials for
storage in the cell or release outside the cell.
 Chloroplasts capture the energy from sunlight and convert it into food that contains
chemical energy in a process called photosynthesis. Mitochondria convert the chemical
energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use.
 The cell membrane regulates what enters and leaves the cell and also protects and
supports the cell.
7.2 Vocabulary
Cytoplasm
Organelle
Vacuole
Lysosome
Cytoskeleton
Centriole
Ribosome
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Chloroplast
Mitochondrion
Cell Wall
Lipid Bilayer
Selectively Permeable
7.3 – Cell Transport
 Passive transport (including diffusion and osmosis) is the movement of materials across
the cell membrane without cellular energy.
 The movement of materials against a concentration difference is known as active
transport. Active transport requires energy.
Biology 1st Trimester Final Exam Review
7.3 Vocabulary
Diffusion
Facilitated Diffusion
Osmosis
Isotonic
Hypertonic
Hypotonic
Osmotic Pressure
7.4 – Homeostasis and Cells
 To maintain homeostasis, unicellular organisms grow, respond to the environment,
transform energy, and reproduce.
 The cells of multicellular organisms become specialized for particular tasks and
communicate with one another to maintain homeostasis.
7.4 Vocabulary
Homeostasis
Tissue
Organ
Organ System
Receptor
Chapter 8 – Photosynthesis
8.1 – Energy and Life
 ATP can easily release and store energy by breaking and re-forming the bonds between
its phosphate groups. This characteristic of ATP makes it exceptionally useful as a basic
energy source for all cells.
 In the process of photosynthesis, plants convert the energy of sunlight into chemical
energy stored in the bonds of carbohydrates
8.1 Vocabulary
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
Heterotroph
Autotroph
Photosynthesis
8.2 – Photosynthesis: An Overview
 Photosynthetic organisms capture energy from sunlight with pigments.
 An electron carrier is a compound that can accept a pair of high-energy electrons and
transfer them, along with most of their energy, to another molecule.
 Photosynthesis uses the energy of sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide
(reactants) into high-energy sugars and oxygen (products).
8.2 Vocabulary
Pigment
Chlorophyll
Thylakoid
Stroma
NADP+
Light-Dependent
Reactions
Light-Independent
Reactions
8.3 – The Process of Photosynthesis
 The light-dependent reactions use energy from sunlight to produce oxygen and convert
ADP and NADP+ into the energy carriers ATP and NADPH
Biology 1st Trimester Final Exam Review
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During the light-independent reactions, ATP and NADPH from the light-dependent
reactions are used to produce high-energy sugars.
Among the most important factors that affect photosynthesis are temperature, light
intensity, and the availability of water.
8.3 Vocabulary
Photosystem
Electron Transport Chain
ATP Synthase
Calvin Cycle
Chapter 9 – Cellular Respiration and Fermentation
9.1 – Cellular Respiration: An Overview
 Organisms get the energy they need from food.
 Cellular respiration is the process that releases energy from food in the presence of
oxygen.
 Photosynthesis removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, and cellular respiration
puts it back. Photosynthesis releases oxygen into the atmosphere, and cellular respiration
uses that oxygen to release energy from food.
9.1 Vocabulary
Cellular Respiration
Aerobic
Anaerobic
9.2 – The Process of Cellular Respiration
 During glycolysis, 1 molecule of glucose, a 6-carbon compound, is transformed into 2
molecules of pyruvic acid, a 3-carbon compound.
 During the Krebs cycle, pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of
energy-extracting reactions.
 The electron transport chain uses the high-energy electrons from glycolysis and the Krebs
cycle to convert ADP to ATP
 Together, glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain release about 36
molecules of ATP per molecule of glucose.
9.2 Vocabulary
Glycolysis
NAD+
Krebs cycle
Matrix
9.3 – Fermentation
 In the absence of oxygen, fermentation releases energy from food molecules by
producing ATP.
 For short, quick burst of energy, the body uses ATP already in muscles as well as ATP
made by lactic acid fermentation.
 For exercise longer than about 90 seconds, cellular respiration is the only way to continue
generating a supply of ATP
9.3 Vocabulary
Fermentation
Biology 1st Trimester Final Exam Review
Chapter 10 – Cell Growth and Division
10.1 – Cell Growth, Division, and Reproduction
 The larger a cell becomes, the more demands the cell places on its DNA. In addition, a
larger cell is less efficient in moving nutrients and waste materials across the cell
membrane.
 Asexual reproduction is the production of genetically identical offspring from a single
parent.
 Offspring produced by sexual reproduction inherit some of their genetic information from
each parent.
10.1 Vocabulary
Cell Division
Asexual Reproduction
Sexual Reproduction
10.2 – The Process of Cell Division
 Chromosomes make it possible to separate DNA precisely during cell division.
 During the cell cycle, a cell grows, prepares for division, and divides to form two
daughter cells.
 During prophase, the genetic material inside the nucleus condenses. During metaphase,
the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell. During anaphase, the chromosomes
separate and move along the spindle fibers to opposite ends of the cell. During telophase,
the chromosomes, which were distinct and condensed, begin to spread out into a tangle of
chromatin.
 Cytokinesis completes the process of cell division – it splits one cell into two
10.2 Vocabulary
Chromosome
Chromatin
Cell cycle]
Interphase
Mitosis
Cytokinesis
Prophase
Centromere
Chromatid
Centriole
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
10.3 – Regulating the Cell Cycle
 The cell cycle is controlled by regulatory proteins both inside and outside the cell.
 Cancer cells do not respond to the signals that regulate the growth of most cells. As a
result, the cells divide uncontrollably.
10.3 Vocabulary
Cyclin
Growth Factor
Apoptosis
Cancer
Tumor
10.4 – Cell Differentiation
 During the development of an organism, cells differentiate into many types of cells.
 The unspecialized cells from which differentiated cells develop are known as stem cells.
Biology 1st Trimester Final Exam Review
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Stem cells offer the potential benefit of using undifferentiated cells to repair or replace
badly damaged cells and tissues.
Human embryonic stem cell research is controversial because the arguments for it and
against it both involve ethical issues of life and death.
10.4 Vocabulary
Embryo
Differentiation
Totipotent
Blastocyst
Pluripotent
Stem Cell
Multipotent