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Question: What are the 2 arterial systems of the brain?
Answer:
1) The vertebral system
2) The internal carotid system
Question: what are the portions of the internal carotid
artery?
Answer: carotid siphon, cavernous portion(which runs in the
cavernous sinus), clinoid portion (on the medial side of the
anterior clinoid process).
Question: What are the arteries that arise from the
internal carotid before it’s bifurcation in the brain?
Answer:
1) Hypophysial arteries
2) Opthalmic artery
3) Posterior communicating artery
4) Anterior choroidal artery
Question: what are the origin, destination and course of
the hypophyseal arteries?
Answer:
Origin: internal carotid, the cavernous and the postclinoid
portions
Course: supplies the neurohypophiseal infundibulum, as well
as the median eminence of the thalamus.Latter then connect
to the adenohypohphysis as the hypophiseal portal system.
Anastomosis:
Question: what are the origin, destination and course of
the ophthalmic a artery?
Answer:
Origin: Internal carotid, immediately after enterance into the
subarachnoid
Course: Enters through the optic foramen into the orbit,
supplies the eye and other orbital contents, frontal area of the
scalp, frontal and ethmoid paranasal sinuses and parts of the
nose.
Anastomosis:
Question: what are the origin, destination and course of
the posterior communicating artery?
Answer:
Origin: Internal carotid near terminal bifurcation
Course: runs backwards and connects to the posterior
cerebral artery.
Anastomosis:
Question: what are the origin, destination and course of
the anterior choroidal artery?
Answer:
Origin: distal part of the internal carotid or the proximal part of
the middle cerebral
Course: Passes back along the optic tract and the choroid
fissure along the medial edge of the temporal lobe
Besides supplying the choroid plexus of 3rd ventricle, it
supplies the optic tract, uncus, amygdala, hippocampus, GP
and the ventral part of the internal capsule.
Anastomosis:
Question: what are the origin, destination and course of
the middle cerebral artery?
Answer:
Origin: Internal carotid’s terminal large branch
Course: passes deep in the lateral (sylvian) sulcus. Sends
frontal, temporal and parietal branches that supply large area
of these lobes’ cortex. Includes motor and general sensory
area of all organs, but lower limbs and perineum.
Occlusion results in massive damage in cast cortical areas
and is the primary reason for aphasia
Anastomosis:
Question: what are the origin, destination and course of
the anterior cerebral artery?
Answer:
Origin: internal carotid’s bifurcation
Course: Directed medially, above the optic nerve. After the
connection by the anterior communicating arteries, it ascends
in the longitudinal fissure, bends backwards around the genu
of the CC. Branches near the connection by ant.com.art
supply the medial portion of the orbital surface of the frontal
lobe, including the olfactory bulb and olfactory tract.
Anastomosis:
Question: What are the branches of the anterior cerebral
artery?
Answer: 1) Anterior communicating
2) Branches to olfactory bulb (no name)
3) Pericallosal branch (continues on the upper side of the
CC)
4) Callosomarginal artery (along the cingulate gyrus)
5) Recurrent branch of Hubner (medial striate artery) – just
proximal to the anterior communicating artery.
Question: what are the origin, destination and course of
the vertebral artery?
Answer:
Origin: Subclavian artery
Course: Ascends in the foramina of the transverse processes
of the upper 6 cervical vertebrae. Enters the subarachnoid
space at the level of the foramen magnum. Joins with it’s
fellow @ the caudal border of the pons to form the basilar
artery.
Anastomosis:
Question: What are the branches of the vertebral
arteries?
Answer:
1) Spinal arteries (single anterior and two posterior)
2) PICA
Question: what are the origin, destination and course of
the spinal arteries?
Answer:
Origin: Vertebral arteries
Course: Two posterior and one anterior. Descend down the
spinal cord, throughout it’s length.
Anastomosis:
Question: what are the origin, destination and course of
the PICA artery?
Answer: PICA = posterior inferior cerebellar artery
Origin: from the vertebral arteries
Course: between the medulla and the cerebellum. Branches
to the cerebellar hemisphere, inferior vermis, central nuclei of
cerebellum, choroid plexus of the 4th ventricle. Has also
branches to the dorsolateral part of the medulla..
Anastomosis:
Question: What are the branches of the basilar artery?
Answer:
1) Labyrinthine artery
2) Pontine arteries
3) Anterior inferior cerebellar
4) Superior cerebellar
5) Posterior cerebral
Question: what are the origin, destination and course of
the superior cerebellar artery?
Answer:
Origin: Basilar artery
Course: Ramifies over the dorsal surface of the cerebellum
and supplies it’s cortex, medullary part and the central nuclei.
Branches from the proximal part (the one on the pons) ore
distributed to the pons, superior cerebellar peduncle and
Anastomosis:
Question: What are the branches of the posterior
cerebral arteries?
Answer: 1) temporal branches
2)Calcarine branches
3) Parietooccipital branches
4) Posterior chorodial artery
Question: what are the origin, destination and course of
the posterior choroidal artery?
Answer:
Origin: posterior cerebral
Course: comes off the posterior cerebral artery in the region
of the splenium of the CC and runs forward in the transverse
fissure beneath the CC. It supplies the choroid plexus of the
central part of the lateral ventricles, of the 3rd ventricle as well
as the posterior parts of the thalamus, fornix and tectum of
the midbrain.
Anastomosis:
Question: what are the groups of central arteries from the
circle of Willis?
Answer: 1) Posterolateral from the posterior cerebral artery
2) Posteromedial from the posterior cerebral and posterior
communicating
3) Anterolateral from the middle and anterior cerebral arteries
4) Anteromedial from the anterior cerebral and anterior
communicating
Question: What are the vessels supplying the striatum ?
Answer: Anterolateral central, recurrent of Heubner
Question: What are the vessels supplying GP?
Answer: Anterolateral central, anterior choroidal
Question: What are the vessels supplying the thalamus
?
Answer: posteromedial and posterolateral central; anterior
and posterior choroidal.
Question: What are the vessels supplying the
subthalamus ?
Answer: Anterior choroidal, posteromedial central
Question: What are the vessels supplying hypothalamus
?
Answer: anteromedial, posteromedial and anterolateral
central arteries.
Question: What are the vessels supplying the pineal
gland?
Answer: posterolateral central arteries
Question: What are the vessels supplying the internal
capsule?
Answer: Antero and postero lateral central arteries, anterior
choroidal artery, recurrent artery of Heubner.
Question: What are the vessels supplying the amygdala,
uncus and the hyppocampal formation ?
Answer: Anterior choroidal artery, temporal branches of
posterior cerebral artery
Question: What are the vessels supplying the external
capsule and the claustrum ?
Answer: anteriolateral central arteries
Question: What are the vessels supplying the tectum of
the midbrain?
Answer: posterolateral and posteromedial central arteries,
posterior choroidal artery, superior cerebellar artery.
Question: What are the vessels supplying the cerebral
peduncle?
Answer: posteromedial and posterolateral central arteries,
anterior choroidal artery.
Question: What are the vessels draining the cerebellum
and the brain stem ?
Answer: Unnamed veins to the sinuses adjacent to the
posterior cranial fossa.
Question: What are the venous systems draining the
brain?
Answer: Internal and external cerebral veins
External include: 1)Superior cerebral veins (8-12),
2) Superficial and deep middle cerebral veins
3) Anterior cerebral vein
4) Basal vein (of Rosenthal) (deep mid. + anterior cerebral
vein)
Internal include:
1) Thalamostriate vein (vena terminalis)
2) Choroidal vein
3) Internal cerebral vein (1+2)
4) Great cerebral vein (of Galen) (3 from both sides)