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VOCABULARY MATCHING NAME: ____________________________ SELF SCORE: ____ / 8 Chapter 6: RELIGION Task: 1) Match the terms below with their definitions. 2) Underline any definitions, key takeaways, or notes you consider important. 3) Highlight all examples provided with a colored highlighter. 4) Give yourself a score in the space provided above based on how much time and effort you put into studying these terms, their definitions, and the explanations and examples provided. Key Issue 1: Where Are Religions Distributed? ○ animism ○ branch ○ denomination ○ ethnic religion ○ karma ○ monotheism ○ polytheism ○ religion ○ sect ○ universalizing religion Term ○ shamanism ○ syncretism ○ traditional/indigenous religion Key Issue 2: Why Do Religions Have Specific Distributions? ○ cosmogony ○ diaspora ○ ghetto ○ Hadj (also: Hajj) ○ pilgrimage ○ religious calendars ○ Sunni/Shia split Definition Key Issue 3: Why Do Religions Organize Space in Distinctive Patterns? ○ autonomous religion ○ disposal of the dead ○ exclusivist religion ○ hierarchical religion ○ proselytizing religion ○ religious hierarchy ○ religious toponyms ○ sacred space Key Issue 4: Why Do Territorial Conflicts Arise Among Religious Groups? ○ caste system (Hinduism) ○ fundamentalism ○ interfaith boundary ○ intrafaith boundary ○ jihad ○ secularism ○ Sharia Law ○ theocracy ○ Zionism Key Takeaways/ Notes/Examples Key Issue 1: Where Are Religions Distributed? • Which religions might meet the first definition of religion but might not be considered a religion under the second definition? 1. Definition A: A system of beliefs and practices that attempts to order life in terms of culturally perceived ultimate priorities. Definition B: The service and worship of God or the supernatural. 2. • Adherents PROFESS their way into the faith (i.e. any can join by professing a belief system or A religion that attempts to creed (therefore these are also called “creedal” religions). appeal to all people, not just • Big Three universalizing religions: Christianity (2.1 billion), Islam (1.5 billion and fastest growing those living in a particular of these three), Buddhism (376 million), Sikhism (23 million). location. • 58% of world’s people practice a universalizing religion. 3. A religion that appeals to primarily to one group of people living in one place. • Adherents are BORN into the faith. (Not anyone can join.) • Major ethnic religions: Hinduism (900 million), Indigenous/tribal religions (300 million), Judaism (14 million), Shintoism (4 million). • 26% of world’s people practice an ethnic religion. 4. The doctrine or belief of the • Examples: Christianity (but: Holy Trinity?), Islam, Judaism existence of only one god. 5. Belief in or worship of more than one god. • Examples: Hinduism, Buddhism (but Gods in Buddhism are personifications of powers, not worshipped), Confucianism, Taoism, Shintoism, as well as indigenous and tribal religions today and ancient Greek/Roman religions. 6. The blending of two or more religious belief systems into a new system, OR the incorporation by a religious tradition of beliefs from unrelated traditions. Key concept: blending. • Although all religions are to some extent syncretic in that they show influences of multiple traditions, adherents often find claims of syncretism insulting. Why? • Example of first type: Christianity (blended Judaism with elements of Zoroastrianism, Egyptian, and Greco-Roman cults). Hinduism blended older (2000 BCE) religious practices of the Indus valley civilization with beliefs and practices brought in by the Aryans around 800 BCE. Sikhism combines elements of Islam and Hinduism (but adherents often find this claim insulting). • Example of second type: Buddhism was greatly changed by local ethnic religions as it moved into China (Daoism, Confucianism) and Japan (Shintoism). 7. A large and fundamental division within a religion. 8. A division of a branch that unites a number of local congregations in a single legal and administrative body. 9. • By definition, a sect is newly formed as a protest against some development in the parent denomination A relatively that the sect considers heresy (against “true” teaching). small group • Example: The American Anglican Church may break away from the British Anglican Church over gay that has broken marriage (The American Church supports it, the British church does not.) away from an • Over time, a sect may either wither and die or become a denomination unto itself. The Hutterites (broke established away from Amish and other Anabaptists), the Methodists and Baptists (both broke away from Church of denomination. England) are examples of sects that grew and became institutionalized (their own denominations). 10. Belief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have a discrete spirit and conscious life. 11. Form of a tribal religion that involved community acceptance of a shaman, a religious leader, healer, and worker of magic who, through special powers, can intercede with and interpret the spirit world. Examples: • Branches of Christianity: Roman Catholicism (50%), Protestantism (30%), Eastern Orthodox (10%) • Branches of Islam: Sunni (85%), Shia (14%), Sufi • Branches of Buddhism: Mahayana (56%), Hinayana (aka Theraveda)(38%), Vajrayana (Tibetan Buddhism)(6%) Example: • Denominations of Protestant Branch of Christianity in U.S.: Baptists (33%), Pentecostal (10%), Methodist (10%), Lutheran (8%), Presbyterian (5%), etc. • Animism is on the decline in Africa where it is gradually being replaced by Christianity and Islam. Still, many people in Africa practice traditional animist beliefs alongside these newer universalizing religions. 12. Special forms of ethnic religions distinguished by their small size, their unique identity with localized culture groups not yet fully absorbed into modern society, and their close ties to nature. 13. In Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism, the sum of a person's actions in this and previous states of existence, viewed as deciding their fate in future reincarnations. Key Issue 2: Why Do Religions Have Specific Distributions? • Geographers look to origin stories (cosmologies) for clues as to the impact that members of different religions may have on the natural environment. • Example: Many Christians have used the belief that God created man apart from and gave man mastery over nature to support the widespread exploitation of natural resources and modification of the natural environment. By contrast, the Taoists in China believe that humans should not exploit the natural environment but rather put themselves into accord with it’s the dual natures, known as yin and yang. 14. A set of religious beliefs concerning the origin of the universe. 15. Literally “to disperse”, this term refers to any group of people that identifies with a particular homeland or territory but whose members are now widely dispersed. 16. A section of a city in which members of any minority live because of social, legal, or economic pressure. 17. A journey to a place considered sacred for religious purposes. 18. The annual pilgrimage to Mecca, the birthplace of Muhammad, that all capable Muslims are expected to undertake at least once in their lifetime 19. In a given religion, the organization of the sacred time set aside for fasting, religious festivals, pilgrimages, and other religious observances. • Originally referred to the dispersal (spreading out) of the Jewish people throughout the Roman Empire after the Romans sacked the Jewish temple in Jerusalem in 70 CE. • Other examples: African Diaspora (due to slave trade), Chinese Diaspora (throughout SE Asia (due to war and famine in China). • Originally used during the Middle Ages to describe neighborhoods in a city set up by law to be inhabited only by Jews. • In ethnic religions, pilgrimage sites are generally physical features of the local geography. Pilgrimage sites therefore becomes a means, along with ethnic laws and other rituals, of keeping adherents of ethnic religions tied to each other and to a particular place. • In universalizing religions, pilgrimage sites are generally tied to events in the life of the founder. • Hindus and Muslims are especially encouraged to make pilgrimages. • This is the fifth of the “Five Pillars of Islam”. The others: 1) There is no god but Allah and his messenger is Muhammad, 2) Prayer facing Mecca five times a day, 3) Giving generously to charity, 4) Fasting during the holy month of Ramadan. • Regardless of their profession, Pilgrims to Mecca all dress alike in plain white robes emphasize equality in the eyes of Allah. • In ethnic religions, religious holidays are generally based on the physical geography of its hearth. For example, the Jewish Passover holidays were originally coincided with either the fall planting (Rosh Hashanah, Yom Kippur) or the spring harvest (Passover, Sukkot). • In universalizing religions, religious holidays relate to events in the life of the founder. For example, Christians set aside holy days to commemorate Christ’s birth, death, and resurrection while Buddhists commemorate Buddha’s birth, enlightenment, and death. 20. The two major branches of Islam, which diverged over a disagreement over the line of succession in Islamic leadership shortly after Muhammad’s death in 632 CE. • Sunnis comprise 83% of Muslims and dominate in the Muslim countries of the Middle East and Asia. • Shiites comprise 16% of Muslims and are clustered in Iran (90% of Iranians are Shia), Pakistan, and southern Iraq. Key Issue 3: Why Do Religions Organize Space in Distinctive Patterns? • Religions often elevate some physical spaces to a holy position. • The cultural landscape of religion can be seen in: entire religious settlements (i.e. Salt Lake City, clustered New England settlements) , burial sites, places for collective worship (churches, mosques, synagogues), places for individual worship (monasteries, Hindu temples) as well as pilgrimage sites (including shrines and Buddhist pagodas). • Ethnic religions generally sanctify (make holy) the physical environment of their hearth, including rivers (the Ganges for Hindus), mountains (Mt. Sinai for Jews), or rock formations (Ayers Rock of Australian aborigines). • By contrast, universalizing religions generally sanctify sites associated with the life of their founder (i.e. Lumbini, Bethlehem, Mecca, the supposed birthplaces of the Buddha, Christ, and Muhammad). In addition, holy places in universalizing religions tend to be widely dispersed because spaces are newly sanctified as these religions diffuse. 21. A place that has religious or spiritual importance. 22. The manner in which adherents of a particular religion dispose of their dead. • Climate, topography (land forms), and religious beliefs combine to determine the variation of burial practices. • Geographers study the environmental impact of the disposal of the dead. For example, Christians and Muslims bury their dead in cemeteries which compete for scarce land in urban areas while Hindu cremation has strained India’s supply of wood. 23. The geographic and organizational structure of a religion. • This varies among religions, branches of religions and denominations of religions from highly hierarchical to highly autonomous (see below). • Universalizing religions, which need to connect highly dispersed adherents and ensure consistency of doctrine, tend to be more hierarchical than ethnic religions. But not always: some Protestant denominations of Christianity are relatively autonomous (e.g. Baptists are organized into selfgoverning congregations). 24. A religion with a well-defined geographic structure and a central authority which exercises a high degree of control. • Example: Roman Catholicism, which is organized into provinces (led by archbishops, dioceses (led by bishops), and parishes (led by priests) all under a central authority (the Pope). • Example: Mormonism, which is organized into wards (each with up to 750 people) and stakes (each with up to 5,000 people). 25. A religion that does not have a central authority but shares ideas and cooperates informally. • Example: Islam has neither a religious hierarchy nor a formal territorial organization. • Example: Hinduism is highly autonomous with most worship done alone or with family members and little or no enforcement or religious doctrine. 26. A religion in which adherents believe that only one particular religion or belief system is true. (Theirs!) 27. A religion which actively seeks converts. • Most universalizing religions are proselyting and exclusivist. Exception? 28. Place names reflecting religious history or values. • Examples: The large number of settlements named for saints in predominately Roman Catholic Quebec; Islamabad (“City of Islam” in Arabic). Key Issue 4: Why Do Territorial Conflicts Arise Among Religious Groups? 29. The geographical boundaries between the world's major faiths. Examples of interfaith conflicts: • Two thousand years of violence for control of the lands of the Eastern Mediterranean by members of the three Abrahamic faiths (Judaism, Christianity, Islam) including the Crusades (1099-1274 CE) and modern Palestinian vs. Israeli conflict. • Hindu vs. Muslim violence in India and Bangladesh, especially following 1947 Partition of India but ongoing. • Hindu vs. Buddhist violence in Sri Lanka. • Buddhist persecution of Muslim minority populations in Myanmar. 30. The geographical boundaries within a major religion. Examples of intrafaith conflict: • Religious wars in Ireland between Catholic and Protestant Christians. • Sunni vs. Shia conflict in Iraq, Syria, Lebanon and Pakistan. 31. In Hindu areas, a complex division of society based on hereditary classes that are distinguished by their degree of ritual or religious purity. • Attempts by the Indian government to relax the caste system in India (including a quota system to create equal opportunity for members of the lower castes) is an example of long held religious practices conflicting with modern secular values. 32. Literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles of a religion (or a religious branch, denomination, or sect). • Modernization and globalization has led to a resurgence of fundamentalists who oppose (often violently) both government policies and aspects modern cultural life that conflict with their religious beliefs as well those co-religionists they see as insufficiently devout. 33. a doctrine within Islam; commonly translated as "Holy War", representing either a personal or collective struggle on the part of Muslims to live up to the religious standards set by the Qu'ran. 34. A doctrine that rejects religion and religious considerations. • There are an estimated 1.1 billion secular/non-religious people in the world. This group is growing rapidly especially fast in Europe and North America. Examples of conflict between religion and secularism include • ISIS or Taliban attempting to establish Sharia Law, • The oppression of non-Muslims under theocratic governments in Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, Iran. • Threats to the caste system in India, • Attempts to wipe out religion by Communist governments in the former Soviet Union, in China, Tibet, and Indochina (Cambodia and Vietnam). 35. The system of Islamic law, (sometimes called Qu’ranic law); based on varying interpretations of the Qur’an. 36. Government of a state by immediate divine guidance or by officials who are regarded as divinely guided. 37. A worldwide movement, originating in the 19th century that sought to establish and develop a Jewish nation in Palestine. Since 1948, its function has been to support the state of Israel. NOTES: • Examples: Saudi Arabia, Iran, Pakistan, Vatican (also the puritans in the Massachusetts Bay Colony)