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Chapter 6: RELIGION
Task: 1) Match the terms below with their definitions. 2) Underline any definitions, key takeaways, or notes you consider important. 3) Highlight all examples
provided with a colored highlighter. 4) Give yourself a score in the space provided above based on how much time and effort you put into studying these
terms, their definitions, and the explanations and examples provided.
Key Issue 1: Where Are
Religions Distributed?
○ animism
○ branch
○ denomination
○ ethnic religion
○ karma
○ monotheism
○ polytheism
○ religion
○ sect
○ universalizing religion
Term
○ shamanism
○ syncretism
○ traditional/indigenous religion
Key Issue 2: Why Do Religions
Have Specific Distributions?
○ cosmogony
○ diaspora
○ ghetto
○ Hadj (also: Hajj)
○ pilgrimage
○ religious calendars
○ Sunni/Shia split
Definition
Key Issue 3: Why Do Religions
Organize Space in Distinctive
Patterns?
○ autonomous religion
○ disposal of the dead
○ exclusivist religion
○ hierarchical religion
○ proselytizing religion
○ religious hierarchy
○ religious toponyms
○ sacred space
Key Issue 4: Why Do Territorial
Conflicts Arise Among Religious
Groups?
○ caste system (Hinduism)
○ fundamentalism
○ interfaith boundary
○ intrafaith boundary
○ jihad
○ secularism
○ Sharia Law
○ theocracy
○ Zionism
Key Takeaways/ Notes/Examples
Key Issue 1: Where Are Religions Distributed?
• Which religions might meet the first definition of
religion but might not be considered a religion under
the second definition?
1.
Definition A: A system of beliefs and practices that attempts to
order life in terms of culturally perceived ultimate priorities.
Definition B: The service and worship of God or the supernatural.
2.
• Adherents PROFESS their way into the faith (i.e. any can join by professing a belief system or
A religion that attempts to
creed (therefore these are also called “creedal” religions).
appeal to all people, not just
• Big Three universalizing religions: Christianity (2.1 billion), Islam (1.5 billion and fastest growing
those living in a particular
of these three), Buddhism (376 million), Sikhism (23 million).
location.
• 58% of world’s people practice a universalizing religion.
3.
A religion that appeals to
primarily to one group of
people living in one place.
• Adherents are BORN into the faith. (Not anyone can join.)
• Major ethnic religions: Hinduism (900 million), Indigenous/tribal religions (300 million),
Judaism (14 million), Shintoism (4 million).
• 26% of world’s people practice an ethnic religion.
4.
The doctrine or belief of the
• Examples: Christianity (but: Holy Trinity?), Islam, Judaism
existence of only one god.
5.
Belief in or worship of more
than one god.
• Examples: Hinduism, Buddhism (but Gods in Buddhism are personifications of powers, not
worshipped), Confucianism, Taoism, Shintoism, as well as indigenous and tribal religions today
and ancient Greek/Roman religions.
6.
The blending of two or
more religious belief
systems into a new system,
OR the incorporation by a
religious tradition of beliefs
from unrelated traditions.
Key concept: blending.
• Although all religions are to some extent syncretic in that they show influences of multiple
traditions, adherents often find claims of syncretism insulting. Why?
• Example of first type: Christianity (blended Judaism with elements of Zoroastrianism, Egyptian,
and Greco-Roman cults). Hinduism blended older (2000 BCE) religious practices of the Indus
valley civilization with beliefs and practices brought in by the Aryans around 800 BCE. Sikhism
combines elements of Islam and Hinduism (but adherents often find this claim insulting).
• Example of second type: Buddhism was greatly changed by local ethnic religions as it moved
into China (Daoism, Confucianism) and Japan (Shintoism).
7.
A large and
fundamental
division within
a religion.
8.
A division of a branch that
unites a number of local
congregations in a single legal
and administrative body.
9.
• By definition, a sect is newly formed as a protest against some development in the parent denomination
A relatively
that the sect considers heresy (against “true” teaching).
small group
• Example: The American Anglican Church may break away from the British Anglican Church over gay
that has broken
marriage (The American Church supports it, the British church does not.)
away from an
• Over time, a sect may either wither and die or become a denomination unto itself. The Hutterites (broke
established
away from Amish and other Anabaptists), the Methodists and Baptists (both broke away from Church of
denomination.
England) are examples of sects that grew and became institutionalized (their own denominations).
10.
Belief that objects, such as plants and
stones, or natural events, like
thunderstorms and earthquakes, have a
discrete spirit and conscious life.
11.
Form of a tribal religion that involved community acceptance of a shaman, a religious leader, healer, and worker of magic who,
through special powers, can intercede with and interpret the spirit world.
Examples:
• Branches of Christianity: Roman Catholicism (50%), Protestantism (30%), Eastern Orthodox (10%)
• Branches of Islam: Sunni (85%), Shia (14%), Sufi
• Branches of Buddhism: Mahayana (56%), Hinayana (aka Theraveda)(38%), Vajrayana (Tibetan
Buddhism)(6%)
Example:
• Denominations of Protestant Branch of Christianity in U.S.: Baptists (33%), Pentecostal
(10%), Methodist (10%), Lutheran (8%), Presbyterian (5%), etc.
• Animism is on the decline in Africa where it is gradually being replaced by
Christianity and Islam. Still, many people in Africa practice traditional animist
beliefs alongside these newer universalizing religions.
12.
Special forms of ethnic religions distinguished by their small size, their unique identity with localized culture groups not yet fully
absorbed into modern society, and their close ties to nature.
13.
In Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism, the sum of a person's actions in this and previous states of existence, viewed as deciding
their fate in future reincarnations.
Key Issue 2: Why Do Religions Have Specific Distributions?
• Geographers look to origin stories (cosmologies) for clues as to the impact that members of different
religions may have on the natural environment.
• Example: Many Christians have used the belief that God created man apart from and gave man
mastery over nature to support the widespread exploitation of natural resources and modification of
the natural environment. By contrast, the Taoists in China believe that humans should not exploit the
natural environment but rather put themselves into accord with it’s the dual natures, known as yin and
yang.
14.
A set of religious
beliefs concerning
the origin of the
universe.
15.
Literally “to disperse”, this term refers to
any group of people that identifies with a
particular homeland or territory but whose
members are now widely dispersed.
16.
A section of a city in which members of any minority
live because of social, legal, or economic pressure.
17.
A journey to a
place considered
sacred for
religious
purposes.
18.
The annual pilgrimage to Mecca, the
birthplace of Muhammad, that all
capable Muslims are expected to
undertake at least once in their
lifetime
19.
In a given religion, the
organization of the sacred
time set aside for fasting,
religious festivals,
pilgrimages, and other
religious observances.
• Originally referred to the dispersal (spreading out) of the Jewish people
throughout the Roman Empire after the Romans sacked the Jewish temple in
Jerusalem in 70 CE.
• Other examples: African Diaspora (due to slave trade), Chinese Diaspora
(throughout SE Asia (due to war and famine in China).
• Originally used during the Middle Ages to describe neighborhoods in
a city set up by law to be inhabited only by Jews.
• In ethnic religions, pilgrimage sites are generally physical features of the local geography. Pilgrimage sites
therefore becomes a means, along with ethnic laws and other rituals, of keeping adherents of ethnic
religions tied to each other and to a particular place.
• In universalizing religions, pilgrimage sites are generally tied to events in the life of the founder.
• Hindus and Muslims are especially encouraged to make pilgrimages.
• This is the fifth of the “Five Pillars of Islam”. The others: 1) There is no god but Allah
and his messenger is Muhammad, 2) Prayer facing Mecca five times a day, 3) Giving
generously to charity, 4) Fasting during the holy month of Ramadan.
• Regardless of their profession, Pilgrims to Mecca all dress alike in plain white robes
emphasize equality in the eyes of Allah.
• In ethnic religions, religious holidays are generally based on the physical geography of its
hearth. For example, the Jewish Passover holidays were originally coincided with either the fall
planting (Rosh Hashanah, Yom Kippur) or the spring harvest (Passover, Sukkot).
• In universalizing religions, religious holidays relate to events in the life of the founder. For
example, Christians set aside holy days to commemorate Christ’s birth, death, and resurrection
while Buddhists commemorate Buddha’s birth, enlightenment, and death.
20.
The two major branches of Islam, which diverged
over a disagreement over the line of succession in
Islamic leadership shortly after Muhammad’s
death in 632 CE.
• Sunnis comprise 83% of Muslims and dominate in the Muslim countries
of the Middle East and Asia.
• Shiites comprise 16% of Muslims and are clustered in Iran (90% of
Iranians are Shia), Pakistan, and southern Iraq.
Key Issue 3: Why Do Religions Organize Space in Distinctive Patterns?
• Religions often elevate some physical spaces to a holy position.
• The cultural landscape of religion can be seen in: entire religious settlements (i.e. Salt Lake City, clustered
New England settlements) , burial sites, places for collective worship (churches, mosques, synagogues), places
for individual worship (monasteries, Hindu temples) as well as pilgrimage sites (including shrines and Buddhist
pagodas).
• Ethnic religions generally sanctify (make holy) the physical environment of their hearth, including rivers (the
Ganges for Hindus), mountains (Mt. Sinai for Jews), or rock formations (Ayers Rock of Australian aborigines).
• By contrast, universalizing religions generally sanctify sites associated with the life of their founder (i.e.
Lumbini, Bethlehem, Mecca, the supposed birthplaces of the Buddha, Christ, and Muhammad). In addition,
holy places in universalizing religions tend to be widely dispersed because spaces are newly sanctified as
these religions diffuse.
21.
A place that
has religious
or spiritual
importance.
22.
The manner in which adherents
of a particular religion dispose
of their dead.
• Climate, topography (land forms), and religious beliefs combine to determine the variation
of burial practices.
• Geographers study the environmental impact of the disposal of the dead. For example,
Christians and Muslims bury their dead in cemeteries which compete for scarce land in
urban areas while Hindu cremation has strained India’s supply of wood.
23.
The geographic and organizational structure of
a religion.
• This varies among religions, branches of religions and denominations of
religions from highly hierarchical to highly autonomous (see below).
• Universalizing religions, which need to connect highly dispersed adherents
and ensure consistency of doctrine, tend to be more hierarchical than
ethnic religions. But not always: some Protestant denominations of
Christianity are relatively autonomous (e.g. Baptists are organized into selfgoverning congregations).
24.
A religion with a well-defined geographic
structure and a central authority which
exercises a high degree of control.
• Example: Roman Catholicism, which is organized into provinces (led by
archbishops, dioceses (led by bishops), and parishes (led by priests) all
under a central authority (the Pope).
• Example: Mormonism, which is organized into wards (each with up to 750
people) and stakes (each with up to 5,000 people).
25.
A religion that does not have a
central authority but shares ideas
and cooperates informally.
• Example: Islam has neither a religious hierarchy nor a formal territorial organization.
• Example: Hinduism is highly autonomous with most worship done alone or with
family members and little or no enforcement or religious doctrine.
26.
A religion in which adherents believe that only one particular religion or belief system is true. (Theirs!)
27.
A religion which actively seeks converts. • Most universalizing religions are proselyting and exclusivist. Exception?
28.
Place names reflecting religious history
or values.
• Examples: The large number of settlements named for saints in predominately
Roman Catholic Quebec; Islamabad (“City of Islam” in Arabic).
Key Issue 4: Why Do Territorial Conflicts Arise Among Religious Groups?
29.
The geographical
boundaries between
the world's major
faiths.
Examples of interfaith conflicts:
• Two thousand years of violence for control of the lands of the Eastern Mediterranean by members
of the three Abrahamic faiths (Judaism, Christianity, Islam) including the Crusades (1099-1274 CE)
and modern Palestinian vs. Israeli conflict.
• Hindu vs. Muslim violence in India and Bangladesh, especially following 1947 Partition of India but
ongoing.
• Hindu vs. Buddhist violence in Sri Lanka.
• Buddhist persecution of Muslim minority populations in Myanmar.
30.
The geographical
boundaries within a
major religion.
Examples of intrafaith conflict:
• Religious wars in Ireland between Catholic and Protestant Christians.
• Sunni vs. Shia conflict in Iraq, Syria, Lebanon and Pakistan.
31.
In Hindu areas, a complex division of
society based on hereditary classes that
are distinguished by their degree of ritual
or religious purity.
• Attempts by the Indian government to relax the caste system in India (including
a quota system to create equal opportunity for members of the lower castes) is
an example of long held religious practices conflicting with modern secular
values.
32.
Literal interpretation and strict adherence
to basic principles of a religion (or a
religious branch, denomination, or sect).
• Modernization and globalization has led to a resurgence of fundamentalists
who oppose (often violently) both government policies and aspects modern
cultural life that conflict with their religious beliefs as well those co-religionists
they see as insufficiently devout.
33.
a doctrine within Islam; commonly translated as "Holy War", representing either a personal or collective struggle on the part of
Muslims to live up to the religious standards set by the Qu'ran.
34.
A doctrine that
rejects religion and
religious
considerations.
• There are an estimated 1.1 billion secular/non-religious people in the world. This group is growing
rapidly especially fast in Europe and North America.
Examples of conflict between religion and secularism include
• ISIS or Taliban attempting to establish Sharia Law,
• The oppression of non-Muslims under theocratic governments in Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, Iran.
• Threats to the caste system in India,
• Attempts to wipe out religion by Communist governments in the former Soviet Union, in China,
Tibet, and Indochina (Cambodia and Vietnam).
35.
The system of Islamic law, (sometimes called Qu’ranic law); based on varying interpretations of the Qur’an.
36.
Government of a state by immediate divine guidance or by
officials who are regarded as divinely guided.
37.
A worldwide movement, originating in the 19th century that sought to establish and develop a Jewish nation in Palestine. Since
1948, its function has been to support the state of Israel.
NOTES:
• Examples: Saudi Arabia, Iran, Pakistan, Vatican (also the
puritans in the Massachusetts Bay Colony)