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Voyages in World History This page intentionally left blank Voyages in World History V O LUME 2: Since 1500 Valerie Hansen YALE UNIVERSITY Kenneth R. Curtis CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY LONG BEACH Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States Voyages in World History Valerie Hansen and Kenneth R. Curtis Senior Publisher: Suzanne Jeans Senior Acquisitions Editor: Nancy Blaine Senior Development Editor: Jennifer E. Sutherland Consultant Development Editor: Jean L. Woy Associate Editor: Adrienne Zicht Senior Marketing Manager: Katherine Bates Marketing Coordinator: Loreen Pelletier Marketing Communications Manager: Christine Dobberpuhl Senior Content Project Manager: Christina M. Horn © 2010 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 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Senior Media Editor: Lisa Ciccolo Art Director: Jill Haber Library of Congress Control Number: 2008938670 Print Buyer: Arethea Thomas ISBN-13: 978-0-618-07725-0 Permissions Editor: Terri Hampton ISBN-10: 0-618-07725-1 Text Designer: Henry Rachlin Art Editor: Charlotte Miller/Janet Theurer Photo Researcher: Linda Sykes Copyeditor: Susan Zorn Wadsworth 25 Thomson Place Boston, MA 02110-1202 USA Cover Designer: Faith Brosnan Cover Image: Johannesburg Railway Station, Johannesburg, South Africa, as people go to work. Watercolor drawing by Franklin McMahon, 2002. Photo: © Franklin McMahon/Corbis. Cengage Learning products are represented in Canada by Nelson Education, Ltd. Title Page Photo: Universale descrittione di tutta la terra conoscivta fin qui, by Paolo Forlani, 1565. From the Rosenwald Collection, Library of Congress, no. 1304. Purchase any of our products at your local college store or at our preferred online store www.ichapters.com. 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BRIEF CONTENTS 15 Maritime Expansion in the Atlantic World, 1400–1600 418 16 Maritime Expansion in Afro-Eurasia, 1500–1700 450 17 Religion, Politics, and the Balance of Power in Western Eurasia, 1500–1750 480 18 Empires, Colonies, and Peoples of the Americas, 1600–1750 510 19 The Atlantic System: Africa, the Americas, and Europe, 1550–1807 538 20 Empires in Early Modern Asia, 1650–1818 568 21 European Science and the Foundations of Modern Imperialism, 1600–1820 598 22 Revolutions in the West, 1750–1830 628 23 The Industrial Revolution and European Politics, 1780–1880 660 24 China, Japan, and India Confront the Modern World, 1800–1910 690 25 State Building and Social Change in the Americas, 1830–1895 720 26 The New Imperialism in Africa and Southeast Asia, 1830–1914 752 27 War, Revolution, and Global Uncertainty, 1905–1928 782 28 Responses to Global Crisis, 1920–1939 812 29 The Second World War and the Origins of the Cold War, 1939–1949 844 30 The Cold War and Decolonization, 1949–1975 874 31 Toward a New World Order, 1975–2000 908 32 Voyage into the Twenty-First Century 942 v This page intentionally left blank CONTENTS MAPS XVI I VISUAL EVIDENCE XVI I I MOVEMENT OF IDEAS XI X WORLD HISTORY IN TODAY’S WORLD CHAPTER 15 PREFACE XXI ABOUT THE AUTHORS XXI X NOTE ON SPELLING XXXI XX Maritime Expansion in the Atlantic World, 1400–1600 418 TRAVELER: Christopher Columbus Early European Exploration in the Mediterranean and the Atlantic, 1350–1440 433 Portuguese Exploration of Africa and the Slave Trade After 1444 435 The Aztec Empire of Mexico, 1325–1519 421 The Aztec Settlement of Tenochtitlan 421 Nahua Religion and Writing System 422 Nahua Society 423 The Military and the Conquests of the Aztec 424 The Inca Empire, 1400–1532 424 Inca Religion and Andean Society 425 ■ WORLD HISTORY IN TODAY’S WORLD: Miss Bolivia Speaks Out 426 The Inca Expansion 426 Inca Rule of Subject Populations 427 VISUAL EVIDENCE: The Ten Stages of Inca Life According to Guamán Poma 428 Intellectual and Geographic Exploration in Europe, 1300–1500 431 The Rise of Humanism 431 Europe’s First Books Printed with Movable Type 433 The Iberian Conquest of Mexico, Peru, and Brazil, 1492–1580 436 Columbus’s First Voyage to the Americas, 1492 437 A Comparison of Columbus’s and Zheng He’s Voyages 438 Spanish Exploration After Columbus’s First Voyage, 1493–1517 439 The Conquest of Mexico, 1517–1540 440 The Spanish Conquest of Peru, 1532–1550 442 The Portuguese Settlement of Brazil, 1500– 1580 443 ■ MOVEMENT OF IDEAS: The Sacrifice of Isaac: A Sixteenth-Century Nahuatl Play 444 The Columbian Exchange 446 Chapter Review 448 Note: All images are copyrighted. For full photo credit information, please see each chapter opener page. vii viii Contents CHAPTER 16 Maritime Expansion in Afro-Eurasia, 1500–1700 450 TRAVELER: Matteo Ricci Maritime Trade Connections: Europe, the Indian Ocean, and Africa, 1500–1660 453 Portugal’s Entry into the Indian Ocean, 1498– 1600 453 The Dutch East India Company, 1600–1660 455 Origins of the Atlantic Slave Trade, 1483– 1660 457 VISUAL EVIDENCE: An Ivory Mask from Benin, West Africa 458 The Politics of Empire in Southern and Eastern Asia, 1500–1660 460 461 ■ WORLD HISTORY IN TODAY’S WORLD: Conflict at Ayodhya 462 The Rise of Mughal India, 1526–1627 CHAPTER 17 The Apogee and Decline of Ming China, 1500– 1644 463 Tradition and Innovation: Korea, Vietnam, and Japan, 1500–1650 466 Eurasian Intellectual and Religious Encounters, 1500–1620 468 Challenges to Catholicism, 1517–1620 468 Islam, Sikhism, and Akbar’s “Divine Faith,” 1500–1605 471 Ricci in China: Catholicism Meets NeoConfucianism, 1582–1610 472 ■ MOVEMENT OF IDEAS: Christianity in China Chapter Review 477 474 Religion, Politics, and the Balance of Power in Western Eurasia, 1500–1750 480 TRAVELER: Jean de Chardin Land Empires of Western Eurasia and North Africa, 1500–1685 483 483 ■ MOVEMENT OF IDEAS: The Travels of Evliya Çelebi 486 Foundations of Safavid Iran, 1500–1629 488 Origins of the Russian Empire, 1500–1685 489 The Ottoman Empire, 1500–1650 The Struggle for Stability in Western Europe, 1500–1653 490 The Rise and Decline of Habsburg Power, 1519–1648 491 Religious and Political Conflict in France and England, 1500–1653 493 The Shifting Balance of Power in Western Eurasia and the Mediterranean, 1650–1750 495 Safavid Collapse and Ottoman Stasis, 1650– 1750 496 ■ WORLD HISTORY IN TODAY’S WORLD: The Coffeehouse in World History 497 Political Consolidation and the Changing Balance of Power in Europe, 1650–1750 498 Bourgeois Values and Chardin’s View of the “Orient” 503 VISUAL EVIDENCE: Portrait of the Safavid Court 504 Chapter Review 507 ix Contents CHAPTER 18 Empires, Colonies, and Peoples of the Americas, 1600–1750 510 TRAVELER: Catalina de Erauso New France, 1608–1754 524 Mainland English Colonies in North America The Spanish Empire in the Americas, 1600–1700 513 From Conquest to Control 513 Colonial Society: Gender and Race on the Margins of Empire 517 VISUAL EVIDENCE: Representing the Casta System 520 526 ■ WORLD HISTORY IN TODAY’S WORLD: Thanksgiving and the Mashpee Wampanoag 528 Connections and Comparisons Across the Colonial Americas 529 ■ MOVEMENT OF IDEAS: Prospero and Caliban Brazil, the Dutch, New France, and England’s Mainland Colonies 522 532 Chapter Review 535 The Portuguese and Brazil 522 The Dutch in the Americas 524 CHAPTER 19 The Atlantic System: Africa, the Americas, and Europe, 1550–1807 538 TRAVELER: Olaudah Equiano Economic and Military Competition in the Atlantic Ocean, 1650–1763 557 African History and Afro-Eurasian Connections, 1550–1700 541 Africa and the Americas: The Plantation Complex 545 ■ WORLD HISTORY IN TODAY’S WORLD: The World’s Sweet Tooth 559 The Ecology and Economics of Plantation Production 545 African Culture and Resistance to Slavery 548 Effects of the Atlantic Slave Trade on West Africa 551 ■ MOVEMENT OF IDEAS: Afro-Brazilian Religion Europe and the Atlantic World, 1650–1807 557 552 Life on the Eighteenth-Century Atlantic Ocean 560 Abolition of the British Slave Trade, 1772–1807 561 VISUAL EVIDENCE: The Horrors of the Middle Passage 564 Chapter Review 566 x Contents CHAPTER 20 Empires in Early Modern Asia, 1650–1818 568 TRAVELER: Xie Qinggao The Power of the Qing Dynasty, 1644–1796 571 Establishment of Qing Rule, 1636–1661 571 The Age of Three Emperors, 1661–1799 573 The Qing Empire and Its Borderlands 576 ■ WORLD HISTORY IN TODAY’S WORLD: The Train to Tibet 577 Trade and Foreign Relations 578 The Russian Empire, 1725–1800 579 Russian Imperial Expansion, 1725–1800 579 Reform and Repression, 1750–1796 581 ■ MOVEMENT OF IDEAS: Petitioning Catherine the Great 584 Foundations of British Rule, 1739–1818 587 Tokugawa Japan, 1630–1790 590 Tokugawa Japan, 1630–1710 590 Tokugawa Japan and the Outside World 591 VISUAL EVIDENCE: The “Floating World” of Tokugawa Japan 592 Challenges, Reform, and Decline, 1710–1800 594 Chapter Review 595 India: From Mughal Empire to British Rule, 1650–1800 583 Aurangzeb and the Decline of Mughal Authority, 1658–1757 583 CHAPTER 21 European Science and the Foundations of Modern Imperialism, 1600–1820 598 TRAVELER: Joseph Banks From Scientific Revolution to Practical Science, 1600–1800 601 The Development of the Scientific Method 601 Practical Science: Economic Botany, Agriculture, and Empire 603 ■ MOVEMENT OF IDEAS: A Japanese View of European Science 604 The European Enlightenment, 1700–1800 608 “Enlightened” Ideas: Politics, Economics, and Society 609 “Enlightened Despots” in Eighteenth-Century Europe 612 Measuring and Mapping: Exploration and Imperialism in Africa, India, and the Americas, 1763–1820 613 Practical Science, the Royal Society, and the Quest for Longitude 614 Mapping Central Asia, Africa, India, and the Americas 616 ■ WORLD HISTORY IN TODAY’S WORLD: A New Northwest Passage 619 Oceania and Australia, 1770–1820 621 621 VISUAL EVIDENCE: The Death of Captain Cook 622 Joseph Banks and the Settlement of Australia 624 Chapter Review 625 Captain Cook in Polynesia, 1769–1779 Contents CHAPTER 22 Revolutions in the West, 1750–1830 xi 628 TRAVELER: Simón Bolívar The American War of Independence, 1763–1791 631 The Latin American Wars of Independence, 1800–1824 646 Revolution and War, 1763–1783 631 Creating a Nation, 1783–1791 635 Simón Bolívar and South American Independence 647 ■ MOVEMENT OF IDEAS: Simón Bolívar’s Jamaica Letter 650 Mexico and Brazil, 1810–1831 652 The French Revolution, 1789–1815 637 Louis XVI and the Early Revolution, 1789–1792 637 The Jacobins and the Reign of Terror, 1793–1795 640 The Age of Napoleon, 1795–1815 641 VISUAL EVIDENCE: Portraits of Power: George Washington and Napoleon Bonaparte 642 Revolutionary Outcomes and Comparisons, to 1830 655 ■ WORLD HISTORY IN TODAY’S WORLD: Bolivian Politics 656 Chapter Review 657 The Haitian Revolution, 1791–1804 644 CHAPTER 23 The Industrial Revolution and European Politics, 1780–1880 660 TRAVELER: Alexander Herzen The Industrial Revolution: Origins and Global Consequences, 1780–1870 663 Origins of the Industrial Revolution, 1780– 1850 663 Global Dimensions of the Industrial Revolution, 1820–1880 665 Reform and Revolution in NineteenthCentury Europe, 1815–1880 668 Nineteenth-Century Ideologies: Liberalism, Socialism, Romanticism, and Nationalism 668 Victorian Britain, 1815–1867 669 France: Revolution, Republic, and Empire 671 VISUAL EVIDENCE: The Beehive of Victorian Britain 672 The Habsburg Monarchy, 1848–1870 675 The Unification of Italy, 1848–1870 675 Germany: Nationalism and Unification, 1848–1871 676 New Paradigms of the Industrial Age: Marx and Darwin 678 678 ■ MOVEMENT OF IDEAS: Religious Leaders Comment on Science and Progress 680 Karl Marx, Socialism, and Communism Charles Darwin, Evolution, and Social Darwinism 682 Reform and Reaction: Russia and the Ottoman Empire, 1825–1881 683 Emancipation and Reaction in Russia 683 Reform and Reaction in the Ottoman Empire 685 ■ WORLD HISTORY IN TODAY’S WORLD: Turkey and the European Union 687 Chapter Review 688 xii Contents CHAPTER 24 China, Japan, and India Confront the Modern World, 1800–1910 690 TRAVELER: Fukuzawa Yûkichi China’s World Inverted, 1800–1906 693 Qing China Confronts the Industrial World, 1800–1850 693 The Taiping Rebellion, 1850–1864 695 “Self-Strengthening” and the Boxer Rebellion, 1842–1901 697 VISUAL EVIDENCE: Family Photographs from Late Qing China 698 The Rise of Modern Japan, 1830–1905 702 Late Tokugawa Society, 1830–1867 702 The Meiji Restoration, 1867–1890 704 Japanese Imperialism, 1890–1910 706 CHAPTER 25 ■ WORLD HISTORY IN TODAY’S WORLD: Japanese Baseball 707 British India, 1818–1905 709 India Under Company Rule, 1800–1857 709 The Indian Revolt of 1857 and Its Aftermath 711 ■ MOVEMENT OF IDEAS: Religion and Rebellion: India in 1858 712 The Origins of Indian Nationalism, 1885–1906 714 Chapter Review 718 State Building and Social Change in the Americas, 1830–1895 720 TRAVELER: Pauline Johnson-Tekahionwake Political Consolidation in Canada and the United States 723 Confederation in Canada 723 Sectionalism and Civil War in the United States 726 ■ MOVEMENT OF IDEAS: Alexis de Tocqueville’s Democracy in America 728 The Gilded Age 731 Reform and Reaction in Latin America 733 Conservatives, Liberals, and the Struggle for Stability in Mexico 733 Spanish-Speaking South America 735 CHAPTER 26 737 ■ WORLD HISTORY IN TODAY’S WORLD: Pharmaceutical Riches of Amazonia 739 From Empire to Republic in Brazil Connections and Comparisons in the Nineteenth-Century Americas 740 The Fates of Indigenous Societies 740 VISUAL EVIDENCE: The Residential School System for First Nations Children 744 Abolition, Immigration, and Race 746 Gender and Women’s Rights 747 Chapter Review 749 The New Imperialism in Africa and Southeast Asia, 1830–1914 TRAVELER: King Khama III The New Imperialism 755 Political and Economic Motives 755 Ideology and Personal Ambition 756 ■ MOVEMENT OF IDEAS: Bishop Turner’s View of Africa 758 Africa and the New Imperialism 760 Western Africa 760 752 xiii Contents Southern Africa 763 Conquest and Resistance Imperial Connections and Comparisons 773 766 ■ WORLD HISTORY IN TODAY’S WORLD: Diamonds and AIDS 767 The New Imperialism in Southeast Asia 769 Mainland Southeast Asia 769 Insular Southeast Asia 772 CHAPTER 27 A Case Study of the New Imperialism: Rubber 773 VISUAL EVIDENCE: National Flags 774 Enduring Monarchies: Ethiopia and Siam 777 Chapter Review 780 War, Revolution, and Global Uncertainty, 1905–1928 782 TRAVELER: Louise Bryant World War I as a “Total War” 785 Causes of World War I, 1890–1914 785 Total War in Europe: The Western and Eastern Fronts 787 ■ MOVEMENT OF IDEAS: Emma Goldman’s Critique of Militarism 788 Total War: Global Dimensions 791 The Role of the United States 792 The Postwar Settlements 794 The Paris Peace Conference 794 The Weimar Republic and Nation Building in Europe 796 The Mandate System in Africa and the Middle East 797 CHAPTER 28 ■ WORLD HISTORY IN TODAY’S WORLD: The Origins of Iraq 799 Early-Twentieth-Century Revolutions 800 The Mexican Revolution, 1910–1928 800 The Chinese Revolution 802 Russia’s October Revolution 804 Civil War and the New Economic Policy, 1917–1924 806 Stalin and “Socialism in One Country” 807 VISUAL EVIDENCE: History, Photography, and Power 808 Chapter Review 810 Responses to Global Crisis, 1920–1939 812 TRAVELER: Halide Edib The Great Depression, 1929–1939 815 The Great Depression in the Industrialized World 815 The Great Depression in Global Perspective 817 Fascism, Communism, and Authoritarianism 818 Mussolini and the Rise of Fascism 819 Hitler and National Socialism in Germany 820 ■ MOVEMENT OF IDEAS: Fascism and Youth 822 Stalin: Collectivization and the Great Purges 825 Authoritarian Regimes in Asia 826 Ultranationalism in Japan 826 The Rise of Modern Turkey 827 Anticolonial Nationalism in Asia and Africa 828 829 ■ WORLD HISTORY IN TODAY’S WORLD: Caste and Affirmative Action in India 830 Colonialism in Africa and Southeast Asia 832 Gandhi and the Indian National Congress The Road to War 834 Visual Evidence: Guernica Chapter Review 841 838 xiv Contents CHAPTER 29 The Second World War and the Origins of the Cold War, 1939–1949 844 TRAVELER: Nancy Wake ■ WORLD HISTORY IN TODAY’S WORLD: Comfort Women 860 The Holocaust 862 ■ MOVEMENT OF IDEAS: Primo Levi’s Memories of Auschwitz 864 The Second World War: Battlefields, 1939–1945 847 German Blitzkrieg and the Rising Sun of Japan, 1939–1942 847 The Allies on the Offensive, 1942–1945 851 Total War and Civilian Life 855 Origins of the Cold War, 1945–1949 866 Civilians and Total War in Europe and the United States 855 The New United Nations and Postwar Challenges, 1945–1947 866 The United States, the Soviet Union, and the Origins of a Bipolar World 867 VISUAL EVIDENCE: Warfare and Racial Stereotypes 856 Civilians and Total War in Asia and the Colonial World 859 CHAPTER 30 Chapter Review 871 The Cold War and Decolonization, 1949–1975 TRAVELER: Ernesto Guevara The Cold War and Revolution, 1949–1962 877 The People’s Republic of China, 1949–1962 879 The Cuban Revolution and the Cuban Missile Crisis 880 ■ WORLD HISTORY IN TODAY’S WORLD: The Doomsday Clock 882 The Bandung Generation, 1955–1965 892 Vietnam: The Cold War in Southeast Asia, 1956–1974 895 A Time of Upheaval, 1966–1974 897 The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, 1965–1974 897 1968: A Year of Revolution 898 Spheres of Influence: Old Empires and New Superpowers 883 VISUAL EVIDENCE: Sgt. Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band 900 Superpower Interventions, 1953–1956 885 Decolonization and Neocolonialism in Africa, 1945–1964 887 Death and Dictatorship in Latin America, 1967–1975 903 Détente and Challenges to Bipolarity 904 ■ MOVEMENT OF IDEAS: The Wretched of the Earth 890 Chapter Review 906 874 Contents CHAPTER 31 Toward a New World Order, 1975–2000 xv 908 TRAVELER: Nelson Mandela The Late Cold War and the Collapse of the Soviet Union, 1975–1991 911 The United States in the Post-Vietnam Era, 1975–1990 911 From Leonid Brezhnev to Mikhail Gorbachev Revolution in Eastern Europe 913 Post-Soviet Struggles for Democracy and Prosperity 915 Enduring Challenges in the Middle East 925 912 VISUAL EVIDENCE: Tanks and Protests in Moscow and Beijing 916 The Late Cold War in Africa and Latin America: Crisis and Opportunity 918 The Late Stages of the Cold War in Central America 919 The Congolese Conflict and Rwandan Genocide 921 South African Liberation 922 CHAPTER 32 ■ WORLD HISTORY IN TODAY’S WORLD: Truth, Justice, and Human Rights 924 Iran and Iraq 925 Afghanistan and Al-Qaeda 927 The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict 927 The Economics of Globalization 930 Japan and the “Asian Tigers” 930 Deng Xiaoping’s China and Its Imitators 932 The European Union 933 Structural Adjustment and Free Trade in the Third World 935 ■ MOVEMENT OF IDEAS: Jihad vs. McWorld 936 Chapter Review 939 Voyage into the Twenty-First Century 942 TRAVELER: Mira Nair Economic Globalization 945 ■ MOVEMENT OF IDEAS: The World Is Flat Questions of Identity 963 950 Global Security 952 VISUAL EVIDENCE: The Fall of Saddam Hussein 956 ■ WORLD HISTORY IN TODAY’S WORLD: Studying World History 966 Gender, Human Rights, and Democracy 967 Health and the Environment 958 Demography and Population Movement 961 Global Culture 970 Chapter Review 972 Notes C-1 Text Credits Index C-3 I-1 This page intentionally left blank MAPS 15.1 15.2 15.3 16.1 16.2 17.1 18.1 19.1 19.2 20.1 20.2 21.1 22.1 22.2 22.3 23.1 24.1 24.2 25.1 25.2 26.1 26.2 27.1 27.2 28.1 28.2 29.1 29.2 30.1 30.2 30.3 31.1 31.2 31.3 32.1 32.2 32.3 The Aztec Empire 422 The Inca Empire 427 The Age of Maritime Expansion, 1400–1600 434 Maritime Trade in the Eastern Indian Ocean and East Asia 464 The Protestant Reformation 470 Western Eurasia in 1715 500 The Spanish Empire in the Americas 514 West African States and Trade, ca. 1500 544 The African Slave Trade 558 The Qing Empire, 1644–1783 572 The Expansion of Russia, 1500–1800 580 The Exploration of Western North America 620 The American Revolutionary War 632 Independence in Latin America 649 Europe in 1815 654 Continental Industrialization, ca. 1850 666 Asia in 1910 700 Indian Railroads, 1893 715 U.S. Expansion, 1783–1867 727 Latin America, ca. 1895 738 Africa, 1878 and 1914 761 The New Imperialism in Southeast Asia, 1910 770 World War I, 1914–1918 786 Territorial Changes in Europe After World War I 795 The Japanese Invasion of China 835 The Growth of Nazi Germany, 1933–1939 840 World War II in Europe and North Africa 848 World War II in Asia and the Pacific 854 China and Taiwan 878 Cold War Confrontations 884 Decolonization 888 The Dissolution of the Soviet Union 914 Middle East Oil and the Arab-Israeli Conflict 929 The European Union 934 Per Capita Income 946 Iraq in Transition 955 World Religions 964 xvii VISUAL EVIDENCE 15 16 CHAPTER 17 CHAPTER 18 CHAPTER 19 CHAPTER 20 CHAPTER 21 CHAPTER 22 CHAPTER 23 CHAPTER 24 CHAPTER 25 CHAPTER 26 CHAPTER 27 CHAPTER 28 CHAPTER 29 CHAPTER 30 CHAPTER 31 CHAPTER 32 CHAPTER CHAPTER xviii The Ten Stages of Inca Life According to Guamán Poma 428 An Ivory Mask from Benin, West Africa 458 Portrait of the Sajavid Court 504 Representing the Casta System 520 The Horrors of the Middle Passage 564 The “Floating World” of Tokugawa Japan 592 The Death of Captain Cook 622 Portraits of Power: George Washington and Napoleon Bonaparte The Beehive of Victorian Britain 672 Family Photographs from Late Qing China 698 The Residential School System for First Nations Children 744 National Flags 774 History, Photography, and Power 808 Guernica 838 Warfare and Racial Stereotypes 856 Sergeant Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band 900 Tanks and Protests in Moscow and Beijing 916 The Fall of Saddam Hussein 956 642 MOVEMENT 15 16 CHAPTER 17 CHAPTER 18 CHAPTER 19 CHAPTER 20 CHAPTER 21 CHAPTER 22 CHAPTER 23 CHAPTER 24 CHAPTER 25 CHAPTER 26 CHAPTER 27 CHAPTER 28 CHAPTER 29 CHAPTER 30 CHAPTER 31 CHAPTER 32 CHAPTER CHAPTER OF IDEAS The Sacrifice of Isaac: A Sixteenth-Century Nahuatl Play 444 Christianity in China 474 The Travels of Evliya Çelebi 486 Prospero and Caliban 532 Afro-Brazilian Religion 552 Petitioning Catherine the Great 584 A Japanese View of European Science 604 Simón Bolívar’s Jamaica Letter 650 Religious Leaders Comment on Science and Progress 680 Religion and Rebellion: India in 1858 712 Alexis de Tocqueville’s Democracy in America 728 Bishop Turner’s View of Africa 758 Emma Goldman’s Critique of Militarism 788 Fascism and Youth 822 Primo Levi’s Memories of Auschwitz 864 The Wretched of the Earth 890 Jihad vs. McWorld 936 The World Is Flat 950 xix WORLD HISTORY 15 16 CHAPTER 17 CHAPTER 18 CHAPTER 19 CHAPTER 20 CHAPTER 21 CHAPTER 22 CHAPTER 23 CHAPTER 24 CHAPTER 25 CHAPTER 26 CHAPTER 27 CHAPTER 28 CHAPTER 29 CHAPTER 30 CHAPTER 31 CHAPTER 32 CHAPTER CHAPTER xx IN TODAY’S WORLD Miss Bolivia Speaks Out 426 Conflict at Ayodhya 462 The Coffeehouse in World History 497 Thanksgiving and the Mashpee Wampanoag The World’s Sweet Tooth 559 The Train to Tibet 577 A New Northwest Passage 619 Bolivian Politics 656 Turkey and the European Union 687 Japanese Baseball 707 Pharmaceutical Riches of Amazonia 739 Botswana: Diamonds and AIDS 767 The Origins of Iraq 799 Caste and Affirmative Action in India 830 Comfort Women 860 The Doomsday Clock 882 Truth, Justice, and Human Rights 924 Studying World History 966 528 PREFACE What makes this book different from other world history textbooks? • • • • • • • Each chapter opens with a narrative about a traveler that grabs the reader’s attention. Shorter than most world history textbooks, this survey still covers all of the major topics required in a world history course. The book’s theme of “movement” highlights cultural contact. A single authorial voice makes many comparisons among different societies, reinforcing what students have learned in previous chapters. Innovative, reader-friendly maps show the travelers’ routes while inviting students to think analytically about geography and its role in world history. A beautiful, open, student-friendly design––with chapter outlines, bold key terms, and an on-page glossary and pronunciation guide––helps students learn better. Chapter-opening focus questions and chapter summaries (which can be downloaded to an MP3) help students grasp the main ideas of the chapters. This world history textbook will, we hope, be enjoyable for students to read and for instructors to teach. We have focused on thirty-two different people and the journeys they took, starting ten thousand years ago with Kennewick Man (Chapter 1) and concluding in the twenty-first century with the film director Mira Nair. Each of the thirty-two chapters (one for each week of the school year) introduces multiple themes. First, the travelers’ narratives introduce the home society and the new civilizations they visited. This demonstrates the movement of people, ideas, trade goods, and artistic motifs. We introduce other evidence, often drawn from primary sources, to help students reason like historians. Each chapter also covers the effects of increasing contact and trade among civilizations, changes in political structure, spread of world religions, and finally, the prevailing social structure and gender. These chapter-opening narratives enhance the scope and depth of the topics covered. The travelers take us to Mesopotamia with Gilgamesh, to Africa with the hajj pilgrim Ibn Battuta, to Peru with the cross-dressing soldier and adventurer Catalina de Erauso, to the Americas with the African Olaudah Equiano, and to Britain during the Industrial Revolution with the Russian socialist Alexander Herzen. They wrote vivid accounts, often important sources about these long ago events that shaped our world. Chapter 12, for example, tells the story of the Chinese poet Li Qingzhao. She lived during the Song dynasty (960–1275) and experienced firsthand China’s commercial revolution and calamitous warfare. Her eyewitness account of her husband’s death brings this pivotal period in Chinese history to life. Students also learn about the contacts between China and Japan, Korea, and Vietnam during this time of economic growth. In Chapter 24, the focus is on the great Japanese reformer Fukuzawa Yûkichi, an influential participant in the revolutionary changes that accompanied his country’s Meiji Restoration (1868). Students new to world history, or to history in general, will find it easier, we hope, to focus on the experience of thirty-two individuals before focusing on the broader themes of a new society each week. Instead of a canned list of dates, each chapter covers the important topics at a sensible and careful pace, without compromising coverage or historical rigor. Students compare the traveler’s perceptions with alternative sources, and so awaken their interest in the larger developments. Our goal was to select the most compelling topics and engaging illustrations from the entire record of human civilization, presented in a clear spatial and temporal framework, to counter the view of history as an interminable compendium of geographical place names and facts. We have chosen a range of travelers, both male and female, from all over the world. Many travelers were well-born and well-educated, and many were not. The Scandinavian explorers Thorfinn and Gudrid xxi xxii Preface Karlsefni (Chapter 10) and the blind Chinese sailor Xie Qinggao (Chapter 20) were born into ordinary families. These individuals help cast our world history in a truly global format, avoiding the Eurocentrism that prompted the introduction of world history courses in the first place. The book originated at a meeting in 1998 that reviewed twenty or so of the most important world history textbooks on the market. Most of the books seemed similar and all felt encyclopedic. They were crammed with facts, big as phone books, and hard to read. Everything about these books was sacrificed for the sake of comprehensiveness. Few of these texts conveyed the excitement––or pleasure––of studying history. When we asked Ken Curtis to join the project, he responded very cautiously to the idea of co-authoring a traditional world history textbook. But eventually the chance to write a different type of book, one focusing on the experience of individual travelers, one that worked toward making students enthusiastic about world history, won him over. Achieving the right balance between the traveler’s experience and the course material has certainly been a challenge. After circulating draft chapters to over 120 instructors of the course, we have found that most agree on the basic topics to be covered. The long process of revision resulted in our giving less space to the traveler and more to the basic themes of the book. We realized that we had achieved the right balance when the reviewers asked for more information about the travelers. In this way, our book is self-contained but open-ended, should instructors or their students wish to do more reading. Some instructors may decide to devote some time in their lectures to the travelers, who are indeed fascinating; students, we hope, will naturally be inclined to write term papers about them. Almost all of these travel accounts are available in English translation, listed in the suggested readings at the end of each chapter. If instructors assign readings in addition to the textbook, they can assign those travel accounts from the world area with which they are most familiar. Where a Europeanist might assign additional readings from Herodotus, for example, an Asianist might prefer to assign the narratives of the Buddhist pilgrim Xuanzang. We aspire to answer many of the unmet needs of professors and students in world history. Because our book is not encyclopedic, and because each chapter begins with a narrative of a trip, our book is more readable than its competitors, which strain for all-inclusive coverage. They pack so many names and facts into their text that they leave little time to introduce beginning students to historical method. Because our book gives students a chance to read primary sources in depth, particularly in the Movement of Ideas feature (described below), instructors can spend class time teaching students how to reason historically––not just imparting the details of a given national history. Each chapter includes discussion questions that make it easier for instructors new to world history to facilitate interactive learning. Each chapter closes with answers to those questions: a feature in response to student views as expressed in focus groups. Our approach particularly suits the needs of young professors who have been trained in only one geographic area of history. Our book does not presuppose that instructors already have broad familiarity with the history of each important world civilization. Volume 1, which covers material from the first hominids to 1500, introduces students to the important regions and societies of the world: ancient Africa and the Americas (Chapter 1), Mesopotamia and Egypt (Chapter 2), India (Chapter 3), China (Chapter 4), and the Americas again (Chapter 5). The next section of the book emphasizes the rise of world religions: Zoroastrianism in the Persian empire (Chapter 6); Rome’s adoption of Christianity (Chapter 7); the spread of Buddhism and Hinduism in East, South, and Southeast Asia (Chapter 8); and the rise of Islam (Chapter 9). The final third of Volume 1 focuses on the parallel commercial revolutions in Europe and China (Chapters 12 and 13) and the gradual increase in knowledge about other societies resulting from the Vikings’ voyages to Iceland, Greenland, and Newfoundland (Chapter 10); Ibn Battuta’s trips in North, Central, and East Africa (Chapter 11); the Mongol conquest (Chapter 14); and the Spanish and Portuguese voyages to the Americas (Chapter 15). Because many of the people who traveled long distances in the premodern world did so for religious reasons, many of the travelers in Volume 1 were pilgrims. Their experiences help to reinforce student’s understanding of the traditions of different world religions. Volume 2 explores the development of the increasingly interconnected modern world, with the rise and fall of empires a persistent theme. We explore the new maritime trade routes that connected Europe to Asia Preface xxiii (Chapter 16) and the relationship between religion and politics in both the Christian and Muslim empires of western Eurasia (Chapter 17). The analysis of the colonial Americas (Chapter 18) is expanded by Chapter 19’s discussion of Africa and the Atlantic slave trade. The expansion of Asian empires (Chapter 20) is complemented by an analysis of the relationship between science and empire in the Pacific Ocean and around the world (Chapter 21). The role of revolutions in modern history is addressed in Chapters 22 and 23. Chapters 24 through 26 address the global impact of the Industrial Revolution in Asia, the Americas, Africa, and Southeast Asia. The twentieth century is explored (Chapters 27–31) with an emphasis on the common experiences of globalized humanity through world wars, economic upheavals, and the bitter divisions of the Cold War. Though we cannot properly assess twenty-first century conditions using the historian’s tools, Chapter 32 attempts to lay out some of the main challenges and opportunities we face today. Themes Our book has four themes: (1) increasing contact; (2) changing political structures of empire; (3) religion; (4) and social structure. The first is linked to our overall theme of movement, but the other three––the changing political structures of empire, religion, and social structure––form the backbone of all world history classes. The book develops these themes in each chapter. Movement is the key theme of world history because world historians focus on connections among the different societies of the past. The movement of people, whether in voluntary migrations or forced slavery, has been of the most fruitful topics for world historians, as are the experience of individual travelers like Ibn Battuta or Simón Bolívar. Their reactions to the people they met on their long journeys reveal much about their home societies as well as about the societies they visited. Theme 1: The Effects of Increasing Contact Our focus on individual travelers leads naturally to the first major theme of the book: the increasing ease of contact among different civilizations with the passage of time. This theme highlights the developments that resulted from improved communications, travel among different places, the movement of trade goods, and the mixing of peoples: the movement of world religions, mass migrations, and the spread of diseases like the plague. The book shows how travel has changed over time––how the distance covered by travelers has increased at the same time that the duration of trips has decreased. As a result, more and more people have been able to go to societies distant from their own. The book examines the different reasons for travel over the centuries. While some people were captured in battle and forced to go to new places, others visited different societies to teach or to learn the beliefs of a new religion like Buddhism, Christianity, and Islam. This theme, of necessity, treats questions about the environment: how far and over what terrain did early man travel? How did sailors learn to use monsoon winds to their advantage? What were the effects of technological breakthroughs like steamships, trains, and airplanes––and the use of fossil fuels to power them? Because students can link the experience of individual travelers to this theme, movement provides a memorable organizing principle for the book. Theme 2: Changing Political Structures of Empire Our second theme, the changing structure of empire, introduces students to political history. This theme permits students to compare the different empires under consideration and to understand that empires became increasingly complex over time, especially as central governments took advantage of new technologies to register and to control their subjects. Students need not commit long lists of rulers’ names to memory: instead they focus on those leaders who created innovative political structures. After an opening chapter on the peopling of the world, the book begins with the very ancient empires (like Mesopotamia and Egypt) that did not control large swathes of territory and progress to those that did––like Qin dynasty China, Achaemenid Persia, and ancient Rome. It examines the political structures of empire: What was the relationship of