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Voyages in
World History
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Voyages in
World History
V O LUME 2: Since 1500
Valerie Hansen
YALE UNIVERSITY
Kenneth R. Curtis
CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY LONG BEACH
Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States
Voyages in World History
Valerie Hansen and Kenneth R. Curtis
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BRIEF CONTENTS
15 Maritime Expansion in the Atlantic World, 1400–1600
418
16 Maritime Expansion in Afro-Eurasia, 1500–1700
450
17 Religion, Politics, and the Balance of Power in Western Eurasia,
1500–1750
480
18 Empires, Colonies, and Peoples of the Americas, 1600–1750
510
19 The Atlantic System: Africa, the Americas, and Europe, 1550–1807
538
20 Empires in Early Modern Asia, 1650–1818
568
21 European Science and the Foundations of Modern Imperialism,
1600–1820
598
22 Revolutions in the West, 1750–1830
628
23 The Industrial Revolution and European Politics, 1780–1880
660
24 China, Japan, and India Confront the Modern World, 1800–1910
690
25 State Building and Social Change in the Americas, 1830–1895
720
26 The New Imperialism in Africa and Southeast Asia, 1830–1914
752
27 War, Revolution, and Global Uncertainty, 1905–1928
782
28 Responses to Global Crisis, 1920–1939
812
29 The Second World War and the Origins of the Cold War,
1939–1949
844
30 The Cold War and Decolonization, 1949–1975
874
31 Toward a New World Order, 1975–2000
908
32 Voyage into the Twenty-First Century
942
v
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CONTENTS
MAPS XVI I
VISUAL EVIDENCE XVI I I
MOVEMENT OF IDEAS XI X
WORLD HISTORY IN TODAY’S WORLD
CHAPTER
15
PREFACE XXI
ABOUT THE AUTHORS XXI X
NOTE ON SPELLING XXXI
XX
Maritime Expansion in the
Atlantic World, 1400–1600
418
TRAVELER: Christopher Columbus
Early European Exploration in the Mediterranean
and the Atlantic, 1350–1440 433
Portuguese Exploration of Africa and the Slave
Trade After 1444 435
The Aztec Empire of Mexico,
1325–1519 421
The Aztec Settlement of Tenochtitlan 421
Nahua Religion and Writing System 422
Nahua Society 423
The Military and the Conquests of the Aztec
424
The Inca Empire, 1400–1532 424
Inca Religion and Andean Society 425
■ WORLD HISTORY IN TODAY’S WORLD: Miss Bolivia
Speaks Out 426
The Inca Expansion 426
Inca Rule of Subject Populations 427
VISUAL EVIDENCE: The Ten Stages of Inca Life
According to Guamán Poma 428
Intellectual and Geographic Exploration in
Europe, 1300–1500 431
The Rise of Humanism 431
Europe’s First Books Printed with Movable
Type 433
The Iberian Conquest of Mexico, Peru, and
Brazil, 1492–1580 436
Columbus’s First Voyage to the Americas,
1492 437
A Comparison of Columbus’s and Zheng He’s
Voyages 438
Spanish Exploration After Columbus’s First Voyage,
1493–1517 439
The Conquest of Mexico, 1517–1540 440
The Spanish Conquest of Peru, 1532–1550 442
The Portuguese Settlement of Brazil, 1500–
1580 443
■ MOVEMENT OF IDEAS: The Sacrifice of Isaac: A
Sixteenth-Century Nahuatl Play 444
The Columbian Exchange 446
Chapter Review 448
Note: All images are copyrighted. For full photo credit information, please see each chapter opener
page.
vii
viii
Contents
CHAPTER
16
Maritime Expansion in Afro-Eurasia,
1500–1700
450
TRAVELER: Matteo Ricci
Maritime Trade Connections: Europe, the
Indian Ocean, and Africa, 1500–1660 453
Portugal’s Entry into the Indian Ocean, 1498–
1600 453
The Dutch East India Company, 1600–1660 455
Origins of the Atlantic Slave Trade, 1483–
1660 457
VISUAL EVIDENCE: An Ivory Mask from Benin, West
Africa 458
The Politics of Empire in Southern and
Eastern Asia, 1500–1660 460
461
■ WORLD HISTORY IN TODAY’S WORLD: Conflict at
Ayodhya 462
The Rise of Mughal India, 1526–1627
CHAPTER
17
The Apogee and Decline of Ming China, 1500–
1644 463
Tradition and Innovation: Korea, Vietnam, and
Japan, 1500–1650 466
Eurasian Intellectual and Religious
Encounters, 1500–1620 468
Challenges to Catholicism, 1517–1620 468
Islam, Sikhism, and Akbar’s “Divine Faith,”
1500–1605 471
Ricci in China: Catholicism Meets NeoConfucianism, 1582–1610 472
■ MOVEMENT OF IDEAS: Christianity in China
Chapter Review 477
474
Religion, Politics, and the Balance of
Power in Western Eurasia, 1500–1750
480
TRAVELER: Jean de Chardin
Land Empires of Western Eurasia and North
Africa, 1500–1685 483
483
■ MOVEMENT OF IDEAS: The Travels of Evliya
Çelebi 486
Foundations of Safavid Iran, 1500–1629 488
Origins of the Russian Empire, 1500–1685 489
The Ottoman Empire, 1500–1650
The Struggle for Stability in Western
Europe, 1500–1653 490
The Rise and Decline of Habsburg Power,
1519–1648 491
Religious and Political Conflict in France and
England, 1500–1653 493
The Shifting Balance of Power in
Western Eurasia and the Mediterranean,
1650–1750 495
Safavid Collapse and Ottoman Stasis, 1650–
1750 496
■ WORLD HISTORY IN TODAY’S WORLD: The
Coffeehouse in World History 497
Political Consolidation and the Changing Balance
of Power in Europe, 1650–1750 498
Bourgeois Values and Chardin’s View of
the “Orient” 503
VISUAL EVIDENCE: Portrait of the Safavid Court 504
Chapter Review 507
ix
Contents
CHAPTER
18
Empires, Colonies, and Peoples of the
Americas, 1600–1750
510
TRAVELER: Catalina de Erauso
New France, 1608–1754 524
Mainland English Colonies in North America
The Spanish Empire in the Americas,
1600–1700 513
From Conquest to Control 513
Colonial Society: Gender and Race on the Margins
of Empire 517
VISUAL EVIDENCE: Representing the Casta
System 520
526
■ WORLD HISTORY IN TODAY’S WORLD: Thanksgiving
and the Mashpee Wampanoag 528
Connections and Comparisons Across the
Colonial Americas 529
■ MOVEMENT OF IDEAS: Prospero and Caliban
Brazil, the Dutch, New France, and
England’s Mainland Colonies 522
532
Chapter Review 535
The Portuguese and Brazil 522
The Dutch in the Americas 524
CHAPTER
19
The Atlantic System: Africa, the
Americas, and Europe, 1550–1807
538
TRAVELER: Olaudah Equiano
Economic and Military Competition in the Atlantic
Ocean, 1650–1763 557
African History and Afro-Eurasian
Connections, 1550–1700 541
Africa and the Americas: The Plantation
Complex 545
■ WORLD HISTORY IN TODAY’S WORLD: The World’s
Sweet Tooth 559
The Ecology and Economics of Plantation
Production 545
African Culture and Resistance to Slavery 548
Effects of the Atlantic Slave Trade on West
Africa 551
■ MOVEMENT OF IDEAS: Afro-Brazilian Religion
Europe and the Atlantic World,
1650–1807 557
552
Life on the Eighteenth-Century Atlantic
Ocean 560
Abolition of the British Slave Trade,
1772–1807 561
VISUAL EVIDENCE: The Horrors of the Middle
Passage 564
Chapter Review 566
x
Contents
CHAPTER
20
Empires in Early Modern Asia,
1650–1818
568
TRAVELER: Xie Qinggao
The Power of the Qing Dynasty,
1644–1796 571
Establishment of Qing Rule, 1636–1661 571
The Age of Three Emperors, 1661–1799 573
The Qing Empire and Its Borderlands 576
■ WORLD HISTORY IN TODAY’S WORLD: The Train to
Tibet 577
Trade and Foreign Relations 578
The Russian Empire, 1725–1800 579
Russian Imperial Expansion, 1725–1800 579
Reform and Repression, 1750–1796 581
■ MOVEMENT OF IDEAS: Petitioning Catherine the
Great 584
Foundations of British Rule, 1739–1818 587
Tokugawa Japan, 1630–1790 590
Tokugawa Japan, 1630–1710 590
Tokugawa Japan and the Outside World
591
VISUAL EVIDENCE: The “Floating World” of Tokugawa
Japan 592
Challenges, Reform, and Decline, 1710–1800 594
Chapter Review 595
India: From Mughal Empire to British Rule,
1650–1800 583
Aurangzeb and the Decline of Mughal Authority,
1658–1757 583
CHAPTER
21
European Science and the Foundations
of Modern Imperialism, 1600–1820
598
TRAVELER: Joseph Banks
From Scientific Revolution to Practical
Science, 1600–1800 601
The Development of the Scientific Method 601
Practical Science: Economic Botany, Agriculture,
and Empire 603
■ MOVEMENT OF IDEAS: A Japanese View of
European Science 604
The European Enlightenment,
1700–1800 608
“Enlightened” Ideas: Politics, Economics, and
Society 609
“Enlightened Despots” in Eighteenth-Century
Europe 612
Measuring and Mapping: Exploration and
Imperialism in Africa, India, and the
Americas, 1763–1820 613
Practical Science, the Royal Society, and the Quest
for Longitude 614
Mapping Central Asia, Africa, India, and the
Americas 616
■ WORLD HISTORY IN TODAY’S WORLD: A New
Northwest Passage 619
Oceania and Australia, 1770–1820 621
621
VISUAL EVIDENCE: The Death of Captain Cook 622
Joseph Banks and the Settlement of Australia 624
Chapter Review 625
Captain Cook in Polynesia, 1769–1779
Contents
CHAPTER
22
Revolutions in the West, 1750–1830
xi
628
TRAVELER: Simón Bolívar
The American War of Independence,
1763–1791 631
The Latin American Wars of Independence,
1800–1824 646
Revolution and War, 1763–1783 631
Creating a Nation, 1783–1791 635
Simón Bolívar and South American
Independence 647
■ MOVEMENT OF IDEAS: Simón Bolívar’s Jamaica
Letter 650
Mexico and Brazil, 1810–1831 652
The French Revolution, 1789–1815 637
Louis XVI and the Early Revolution,
1789–1792 637
The Jacobins and the Reign of Terror,
1793–1795 640
The Age of Napoleon, 1795–1815 641
VISUAL EVIDENCE: Portraits of Power: George
Washington and Napoleon Bonaparte 642
Revolutionary Outcomes and Comparisons,
to 1830 655
■ WORLD HISTORY IN TODAY’S WORLD: Bolivian
Politics 656
Chapter Review 657
The Haitian Revolution, 1791–1804 644
CHAPTER
23
The Industrial Revolution and European
Politics, 1780–1880
660
TRAVELER: Alexander Herzen
The Industrial Revolution: Origins and
Global Consequences, 1780–1870 663
Origins of the Industrial Revolution, 1780–
1850 663
Global Dimensions of the Industrial Revolution,
1820–1880 665
Reform and Revolution in NineteenthCentury Europe, 1815–1880 668
Nineteenth-Century Ideologies: Liberalism,
Socialism, Romanticism, and Nationalism 668
Victorian Britain, 1815–1867 669
France: Revolution, Republic, and Empire 671
VISUAL EVIDENCE: The Beehive of Victorian
Britain 672
The Habsburg Monarchy, 1848–1870 675
The Unification of Italy, 1848–1870 675
Germany: Nationalism and Unification,
1848–1871 676
New Paradigms of the Industrial Age: Marx
and Darwin 678
678
■ MOVEMENT OF IDEAS: Religious Leaders Comment
on Science and Progress 680
Karl Marx, Socialism, and Communism
Charles Darwin, Evolution, and Social
Darwinism 682
Reform and Reaction: Russia and the
Ottoman Empire, 1825–1881 683
Emancipation and Reaction in Russia 683
Reform and Reaction in the Ottoman Empire
685
■ WORLD HISTORY IN TODAY’S WORLD: Turkey and
the European Union 687
Chapter Review 688
xii
Contents
CHAPTER
24
China, Japan, and India Confront the
Modern World, 1800–1910
690
TRAVELER: Fukuzawa Yûkichi
China’s World Inverted, 1800–1906 693
Qing China Confronts the Industrial World,
1800–1850 693
The Taiping Rebellion, 1850–1864 695
“Self-Strengthening” and the Boxer Rebellion,
1842–1901 697
VISUAL EVIDENCE: Family Photographs from Late
Qing China 698
The Rise of Modern Japan, 1830–1905 702
Late Tokugawa Society, 1830–1867 702
The Meiji Restoration, 1867–1890 704
Japanese Imperialism, 1890–1910 706
CHAPTER
25
■ WORLD HISTORY IN TODAY’S WORLD: Japanese
Baseball 707
British India, 1818–1905 709
India Under Company Rule, 1800–1857 709
The Indian Revolt of 1857 and Its Aftermath 711
■ MOVEMENT OF IDEAS: Religion and Rebellion:
India in 1858 712
The Origins of Indian Nationalism,
1885–1906 714
Chapter Review 718
State Building and Social Change in the
Americas, 1830–1895
720
TRAVELER: Pauline Johnson-Tekahionwake
Political Consolidation in Canada and the
United States 723
Confederation in Canada 723
Sectionalism and Civil War in the United
States 726
■ MOVEMENT OF IDEAS: Alexis de Tocqueville’s
Democracy in America 728
The Gilded Age 731
Reform and Reaction in Latin America 733
Conservatives, Liberals, and the Struggle for
Stability in Mexico 733
Spanish-Speaking South America 735
CHAPTER
26
737
■ WORLD HISTORY IN TODAY’S WORLD:
Pharmaceutical Riches of Amazonia 739
From Empire to Republic in Brazil
Connections and Comparisons in the
Nineteenth-Century Americas 740
The Fates of Indigenous Societies 740
VISUAL EVIDENCE: The Residential School System for
First Nations Children 744
Abolition, Immigration, and Race 746
Gender and Women’s Rights 747
Chapter Review 749
The New Imperialism in Africa and
Southeast Asia, 1830–1914
TRAVELER: King Khama III
The New Imperialism 755
Political and Economic Motives 755
Ideology and Personal Ambition 756
■ MOVEMENT OF IDEAS: Bishop Turner’s View of
Africa 758
Africa and the New Imperialism 760
Western Africa
760
752
xiii
Contents
Southern Africa 763
Conquest and Resistance
Imperial Connections and Comparisons 773
766
■ WORLD HISTORY IN TODAY’S WORLD: Diamonds
and AIDS 767
The New Imperialism in Southeast Asia 769
Mainland Southeast Asia 769
Insular Southeast Asia 772
CHAPTER
27
A Case Study of the New Imperialism:
Rubber 773
VISUAL EVIDENCE: National Flags
774
Enduring Monarchies: Ethiopia and Siam
777
Chapter Review 780
War, Revolution, and Global
Uncertainty, 1905–1928
782
TRAVELER: Louise Bryant
World War I as a “Total War” 785
Causes of World War I, 1890–1914 785
Total War in Europe: The Western and Eastern
Fronts 787
■ MOVEMENT OF IDEAS: Emma Goldman’s Critique
of Militarism 788
Total War: Global Dimensions 791
The Role of the United States 792
The Postwar Settlements 794
The Paris Peace Conference 794
The Weimar Republic and Nation Building in
Europe 796
The Mandate System in Africa and the Middle
East 797
CHAPTER
28
■ WORLD HISTORY IN TODAY’S WORLD: The Origins
of Iraq 799
Early-Twentieth-Century Revolutions 800
The Mexican Revolution, 1910–1928 800
The Chinese Revolution 802
Russia’s October Revolution 804
Civil War and the New Economic Policy,
1917–1924 806
Stalin and “Socialism in One Country” 807
VISUAL EVIDENCE: History, Photography, and
Power 808
Chapter Review 810
Responses to Global Crisis, 1920–1939
812
TRAVELER: Halide Edib
The Great Depression, 1929–1939 815
The Great Depression in the Industrialized World 815
The Great Depression in Global Perspective 817
Fascism, Communism, and
Authoritarianism 818
Mussolini and the Rise of Fascism 819
Hitler and National Socialism in Germany
820
■ MOVEMENT OF IDEAS: Fascism and Youth 822
Stalin: Collectivization and the Great Purges 825
Authoritarian Regimes in Asia 826
Ultranationalism in Japan 826
The Rise of Modern Turkey 827
Anticolonial Nationalism in Asia and
Africa 828
829
■ WORLD HISTORY IN TODAY’S WORLD: Caste and
Affirmative Action in India 830
Colonialism in Africa and Southeast Asia 832
Gandhi and the Indian National Congress
The Road to War 834
Visual Evidence: Guernica
Chapter Review 841
838
xiv
Contents
CHAPTER
29
The Second World War and the Origins
of the Cold War, 1939–1949
844
TRAVELER: Nancy Wake
■ WORLD HISTORY IN TODAY’S WORLD: Comfort
Women 860
The Holocaust 862
■ MOVEMENT OF IDEAS: Primo Levi’s Memories of
Auschwitz 864
The Second World War: Battlefields,
1939–1945 847
German Blitzkrieg and the Rising Sun of Japan,
1939–1942 847
The Allies on the Offensive, 1942–1945 851
Total War and Civilian Life 855
Origins of the Cold War, 1945–1949 866
Civilians and Total War in Europe and the United
States 855
The New United Nations and Postwar Challenges,
1945–1947 866
The United States, the Soviet Union, and the
Origins of a Bipolar World 867
VISUAL EVIDENCE: Warfare and Racial
Stereotypes 856
Civilians and Total War in Asia and the Colonial
World 859
CHAPTER
30
Chapter Review 871
The Cold War and Decolonization,
1949–1975
TRAVELER: Ernesto Guevara
The Cold War and Revolution,
1949–1962 877
The People’s Republic of China, 1949–1962 879
The Cuban Revolution and the Cuban Missile
Crisis 880
■ WORLD HISTORY IN TODAY’S WORLD: The
Doomsday Clock 882
The Bandung Generation, 1955–1965 892
Vietnam: The Cold War in Southeast Asia,
1956–1974 895
A Time of Upheaval, 1966–1974 897
The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution,
1965–1974 897
1968: A Year of Revolution 898
Spheres of Influence: Old Empires and New
Superpowers 883
VISUAL EVIDENCE: Sgt. Pepper’s Lonely Hearts
Club Band 900
Superpower Interventions, 1953–1956 885
Decolonization and Neocolonialism in Africa,
1945–1964 887
Death and Dictatorship in Latin America,
1967–1975 903
Détente and Challenges to Bipolarity 904
■ MOVEMENT OF IDEAS: The Wretched of the
Earth 890
Chapter Review 906
874
Contents
CHAPTER
31
Toward a New World Order,
1975–2000
xv
908
TRAVELER: Nelson Mandela
The Late Cold War and the Collapse of the
Soviet Union, 1975–1991 911
The United States in the Post-Vietnam Era,
1975–1990 911
From Leonid Brezhnev to Mikhail Gorbachev
Revolution in Eastern Europe 913
Post-Soviet Struggles for Democracy and
Prosperity 915
Enduring Challenges in the Middle
East 925
912
VISUAL EVIDENCE: Tanks and Protests in Moscow
and Beijing 916
The Late Cold War in Africa and Latin
America: Crisis and Opportunity 918
The Late Stages of the Cold War in Central
America 919
The Congolese Conflict and Rwandan
Genocide 921
South African Liberation 922
CHAPTER
32
■ WORLD HISTORY IN TODAY’S WORLD: Truth, Justice,
and Human Rights 924
Iran and Iraq 925
Afghanistan and Al-Qaeda 927
The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict 927
The Economics of Globalization 930
Japan and the “Asian Tigers” 930
Deng Xiaoping’s China and Its Imitators 932
The European Union 933
Structural Adjustment and Free Trade in the Third
World 935
■ MOVEMENT OF IDEAS: Jihad vs. McWorld
936
Chapter Review 939
Voyage into the Twenty-First Century
942
TRAVELER: Mira Nair
Economic Globalization 945
■ MOVEMENT OF IDEAS: The World Is Flat
Questions of Identity 963
950
Global Security 952
VISUAL EVIDENCE: The Fall of Saddam Hussein
956
■ WORLD HISTORY IN TODAY’S WORLD: Studying
World History 966
Gender, Human Rights, and Democracy 967
Health and the Environment 958
Demography and Population
Movement 961
Global Culture 970
Chapter Review 972
Notes C-1
Text Credits
Index
C-3
I-1
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MAPS
15.1
15.2
15.3
16.1
16.2
17.1
18.1
19.1
19.2
20.1
20.2
21.1
22.1
22.2
22.3
23.1
24.1
24.2
25.1
25.2
26.1
26.2
27.1
27.2
28.1
28.2
29.1
29.2
30.1
30.2
30.3
31.1
31.2
31.3
32.1
32.2
32.3
The Aztec Empire 422
The Inca Empire 427
The Age of Maritime Expansion, 1400–1600 434
Maritime Trade in the Eastern Indian Ocean and East Asia 464
The Protestant Reformation 470
Western Eurasia in 1715 500
The Spanish Empire in the Americas 514
West African States and Trade, ca. 1500 544
The African Slave Trade 558
The Qing Empire, 1644–1783 572
The Expansion of Russia, 1500–1800 580
The Exploration of Western North America 620
The American Revolutionary War 632
Independence in Latin America 649
Europe in 1815 654
Continental Industrialization, ca. 1850 666
Asia in 1910 700
Indian Railroads, 1893 715
U.S. Expansion, 1783–1867 727
Latin America, ca. 1895 738
Africa, 1878 and 1914 761
The New Imperialism in Southeast Asia, 1910 770
World War I, 1914–1918 786
Territorial Changes in Europe After World War I 795
The Japanese Invasion of China 835
The Growth of Nazi Germany, 1933–1939 840
World War II in Europe and North Africa 848
World War II in Asia and the Pacific 854
China and Taiwan 878
Cold War Confrontations 884
Decolonization 888
The Dissolution of the Soviet Union 914
Middle East Oil and the Arab-Israeli Conflict 929
The European Union 934
Per Capita Income 946
Iraq in Transition 955
World Religions 964
xvii
VISUAL EVIDENCE
15
16
CHAPTER 17
CHAPTER 18
CHAPTER 19
CHAPTER 20
CHAPTER 21
CHAPTER 22
CHAPTER 23
CHAPTER 24
CHAPTER 25
CHAPTER 26
CHAPTER 27
CHAPTER 28
CHAPTER 29
CHAPTER 30
CHAPTER 31
CHAPTER 32
CHAPTER
CHAPTER
xviii
The Ten Stages of Inca Life According to Guamán Poma 428
An Ivory Mask from Benin, West Africa 458
Portrait of the Sajavid Court 504
Representing the Casta System 520
The Horrors of the Middle Passage 564
The “Floating World” of Tokugawa Japan 592
The Death of Captain Cook 622
Portraits of Power: George Washington and Napoleon Bonaparte
The Beehive of Victorian Britain 672
Family Photographs from Late Qing China 698
The Residential School System for First Nations Children 744
National Flags 774
History, Photography, and Power 808
Guernica 838
Warfare and Racial Stereotypes 856
Sergeant Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band 900
Tanks and Protests in Moscow and Beijing 916
The Fall of Saddam Hussein 956
642
MOVEMENT
15
16
CHAPTER 17
CHAPTER 18
CHAPTER 19
CHAPTER 20
CHAPTER 21
CHAPTER 22
CHAPTER 23
CHAPTER 24
CHAPTER 25
CHAPTER 26
CHAPTER 27
CHAPTER 28
CHAPTER 29
CHAPTER 30
CHAPTER 31
CHAPTER 32
CHAPTER
CHAPTER
OF
IDEAS
The Sacrifice of Isaac: A Sixteenth-Century Nahuatl Play 444
Christianity in China 474
The Travels of Evliya Çelebi 486
Prospero and Caliban 532
Afro-Brazilian Religion 552
Petitioning Catherine the Great 584
A Japanese View of European Science 604
Simón Bolívar’s Jamaica Letter 650
Religious Leaders Comment on Science and Progress 680
Religion and Rebellion: India in 1858 712
Alexis de Tocqueville’s Democracy in America 728
Bishop Turner’s View of Africa 758
Emma Goldman’s Critique of Militarism 788
Fascism and Youth 822
Primo Levi’s Memories of Auschwitz 864
The Wretched of the Earth 890
Jihad vs. McWorld 936
The World Is Flat 950
xix
WORLD HISTORY
15
16
CHAPTER 17
CHAPTER 18
CHAPTER 19
CHAPTER 20
CHAPTER 21
CHAPTER 22
CHAPTER 23
CHAPTER 24
CHAPTER 25
CHAPTER 26
CHAPTER 27
CHAPTER 28
CHAPTER 29
CHAPTER 30
CHAPTER 31
CHAPTER 32
CHAPTER
CHAPTER
xx
IN
TODAY’S WORLD
Miss Bolivia Speaks Out 426
Conflict at Ayodhya 462
The Coffeehouse in World History 497
Thanksgiving and the Mashpee Wampanoag
The World’s Sweet Tooth 559
The Train to Tibet 577
A New Northwest Passage 619
Bolivian Politics 656
Turkey and the European Union 687
Japanese Baseball 707
Pharmaceutical Riches of Amazonia 739
Botswana: Diamonds and AIDS 767
The Origins of Iraq 799
Caste and Affirmative Action in India 830
Comfort Women 860
The Doomsday Clock 882
Truth, Justice, and Human Rights 924
Studying World History 966
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PREFACE
What makes this book different from other world history textbooks?
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Each chapter opens with a narrative about a traveler that grabs the reader’s attention.
Shorter than most world history textbooks, this survey still covers all of the major topics required in
a world history course.
The book’s theme of “movement” highlights cultural contact.
A single authorial voice makes many comparisons among different societies, reinforcing what students have learned in previous chapters.
Innovative, reader-friendly maps show the travelers’ routes while inviting students to think analytically about geography and its role in world history.
A beautiful, open, student-friendly design––with chapter outlines, bold key terms, and an on-page
glossary and pronunciation guide––helps students learn better.
Chapter-opening focus questions and chapter summaries (which can be downloaded to an MP3)
help students grasp the main ideas of the chapters.
This world history textbook will, we hope, be enjoyable for students to read and for instructors to teach.
We have focused on thirty-two different people and the journeys they took, starting ten thousand years ago
with Kennewick Man (Chapter 1) and concluding in the twenty-first century with the film director Mira
Nair. Each of the thirty-two chapters (one for each week of the school year) introduces multiple themes.
First, the travelers’ narratives introduce the home society and the new civilizations they visited. This demonstrates the movement of people, ideas, trade goods, and artistic motifs. We introduce other evidence, often drawn from primary sources, to help students reason like historians. Each chapter also covers the effects
of increasing contact and trade among civilizations, changes in political structure, spread of world religions,
and finally, the prevailing social structure and gender.
These chapter-opening narratives enhance the scope and depth of the topics covered. The travelers take
us to Mesopotamia with Gilgamesh, to Africa with the hajj pilgrim Ibn Battuta, to Peru with the cross-dressing
soldier and adventurer Catalina de Erauso, to the Americas with the African Olaudah Equiano, and to Britain
during the Industrial Revolution with the Russian socialist Alexander Herzen. They wrote vivid accounts,
often important sources about these long ago events that shaped our world.
Chapter 12, for example, tells the story of the Chinese poet Li Qingzhao. She lived during the Song dynasty (960–1275) and experienced firsthand China’s commercial revolution and calamitous warfare. Her
eyewitness account of her husband’s death brings this pivotal period in Chinese history to life. Students also
learn about the contacts between China and Japan, Korea, and Vietnam during this time of economic growth.
In Chapter 24, the focus is on the great Japanese reformer Fukuzawa Yûkichi, an influential participant in
the revolutionary changes that accompanied his country’s Meiji Restoration (1868).
Students new to world history, or to history in general, will find it easier, we hope, to focus on the experience of thirty-two individuals before focusing on the broader themes of a new society each week. Instead
of a canned list of dates, each chapter covers the important topics at a sensible and careful pace, without
compromising coverage or historical rigor. Students compare the traveler’s perceptions with alternative
sources, and so awaken their interest in the larger developments. Our goal was to select the most compelling
topics and engaging illustrations from the entire record of human civilization, presented in a clear spatial
and temporal framework, to counter the view of history as an interminable compendium of geographical
place names and facts.
We have chosen a range of travelers, both male and female, from all over the world. Many travelers
were well-born and well-educated, and many were not. The Scandinavian explorers Thorfinn and Gudrid
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Karlsefni (Chapter 10) and the blind Chinese sailor Xie Qinggao (Chapter 20) were born into ordinary families. These individuals help cast our world history in a truly global format, avoiding the Eurocentrism that
prompted the introduction of world history courses in the first place.
The book originated at a meeting in 1998 that reviewed twenty or so of the most important world history textbooks on the market. Most of the books seemed similar and all felt encyclopedic. They were crammed
with facts, big as phone books, and hard to read. Everything about these books was sacrificed for the sake of
comprehensiveness. Few of these texts conveyed the excitement––or pleasure––of studying history.
When we asked Ken Curtis to join the project, he responded very cautiously to the idea of co-authoring
a traditional world history textbook. But eventually the chance to write a different type of book, one focusing on the experience of individual travelers, one that worked toward making students enthusiastic about
world history, won him over.
Achieving the right balance between the traveler’s experience and the course material has certainly been
a challenge. After circulating draft chapters to over 120 instructors of the course, we have found that most
agree on the basic topics to be covered. The long process of revision resulted in our giving less space to the
traveler and more to the basic themes of the book. We realized that we had achieved the right balance when
the reviewers asked for more information about the travelers.
In this way, our book is self-contained but open-ended, should instructors or their students wish to do
more reading. Some instructors may decide to devote some time in their lectures to the travelers, who are
indeed fascinating; students, we hope, will naturally be inclined to write term papers about them. Almost all
of these travel accounts are available in English translation, listed in the suggested readings at the end of
each chapter. If instructors assign readings in addition to the textbook, they can assign those travel accounts
from the world area with which they are most familiar. Where a Europeanist might assign additional readings from Herodotus, for example, an Asianist might prefer to assign the narratives of the Buddhist pilgrim
Xuanzang.
We aspire to answer many of the unmet needs of professors and students in world history. Because our
book is not encyclopedic, and because each chapter begins with a narrative of a trip, our book is more readable than its competitors, which strain for all-inclusive coverage. They pack so many names and facts into
their text that they leave little time to introduce beginning students to historical method. Because our book
gives students a chance to read primary sources in depth, particularly in the Movement of Ideas feature (described below), instructors can spend class time teaching students how to reason historically––not just imparting the details of a given national history. Each chapter includes discussion questions that make it easier
for instructors new to world history to facilitate interactive learning. Each chapter closes with answers to
those questions: a feature in response to student views as expressed in focus groups.
Our approach particularly suits the needs of young professors who have been trained in only one geographic area of history. Our book does not presuppose that instructors already have broad familiarity with
the history of each important world civilization.
Volume 1, which covers material from the first hominids to 1500, introduces students to the important
regions and societies of the world: ancient Africa and the Americas (Chapter 1), Mesopotamia and Egypt (Chapter 2), India (Chapter 3), China (Chapter 4), and the Americas again (Chapter 5). The next section of the book
emphasizes the rise of world religions: Zoroastrianism in the Persian empire (Chapter 6); Rome’s adoption of
Christianity (Chapter 7); the spread of Buddhism and Hinduism in East, South, and Southeast Asia (Chapter 8);
and the rise of Islam (Chapter 9). The final third of Volume 1 focuses on the parallel commercial revolutions in
Europe and China (Chapters 12 and 13) and the gradual increase in knowledge about other societies resulting
from the Vikings’ voyages to Iceland, Greenland, and Newfoundland (Chapter 10); Ibn Battuta’s trips in North,
Central, and East Africa (Chapter 11); the Mongol conquest (Chapter 14); and the Spanish and Portuguese voyages to the Americas (Chapter 15). Because many of the people who traveled long distances in the premodern
world did so for religious reasons, many of the travelers in Volume 1 were pilgrims. Their experiences help to
reinforce student’s understanding of the traditions of different world religions.
Volume 2 explores the development of the increasingly interconnected modern world, with the rise and
fall of empires a persistent theme. We explore the new maritime trade routes that connected Europe to Asia
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(Chapter 16) and the relationship between religion and politics in both the Christian and Muslim empires
of western Eurasia (Chapter 17). The analysis of the colonial Americas (Chapter 18) is expanded by Chapter 19’s discussion of Africa and the Atlantic slave trade. The expansion of Asian empires (Chapter 20) is
complemented by an analysis of the relationship between science and empire in the Pacific Ocean and
around the world (Chapter 21). The role of revolutions in modern history is addressed in Chapters 22 and
23. Chapters 24 through 26 address the global impact of the Industrial Revolution in Asia, the Americas,
Africa, and Southeast Asia. The twentieth century is explored (Chapters 27–31) with an emphasis on the
common experiences of globalized humanity through world wars, economic upheavals, and the bitter divisions of the Cold War. Though we cannot properly assess twenty-first century conditions using the historian’s tools, Chapter 32 attempts to lay out some of the main challenges and opportunities we face today.
Themes
Our book has four themes: (1) increasing contact; (2) changing political structures of empire; (3) religion; (4)
and social structure. The first is linked to our overall theme of movement, but the other three––the changing
political structures of empire, religion, and social structure––form the backbone of all world history classes.
The book develops these themes in each chapter.
Movement is the key theme of world history because world historians focus on connections among the
different societies of the past. The movement of people, whether in voluntary migrations or forced slavery,
has been of the most fruitful topics for world historians, as are the experience of individual travelers like Ibn
Battuta or Simón Bolívar. Their reactions to the people they met on their long journeys reveal much about
their home societies as well as about the societies they visited.
Theme 1: The Effects of Increasing Contact
Our focus on individual travelers leads naturally to the first major theme of the book: the increasing ease of
contact among different civilizations with the passage of time. This theme highlights the developments that
resulted from improved communications, travel among different places, the movement of trade goods, and
the mixing of peoples: the movement of world religions, mass migrations, and the spread of diseases like the
plague. The book shows how travel has changed over time––how the distance covered by travelers has increased at the same time that the duration of trips has decreased. As a result, more and more people have
been able to go to societies distant from their own.
The book examines the different reasons for travel over the centuries. While some people were captured
in battle and forced to go to new places, others visited different societies to teach or to learn the beliefs of a
new religion like Buddhism, Christianity, and Islam. This theme, of necessity, treats questions about the
environment: how far and over what terrain did early man travel? How did sailors learn to use monsoon
winds to their advantage? What were the effects of technological breakthroughs like steamships, trains, and
airplanes––and the use of fossil fuels to power them? Because students can link the experience of individual
travelers to this theme, movement provides a memorable organizing principle for the book.
Theme 2: Changing Political Structures of Empire
Our second theme, the changing structure of empire, introduces students to political history. This theme
permits students to compare the different empires under consideration and to understand that empires became increasingly complex over time, especially as central governments took advantage of new technologies
to register and to control their subjects. Students need not commit long lists of rulers’ names to memory:
instead they focus on those leaders who created innovative political structures. After an opening chapter on
the peopling of the world, the book begins with the very ancient empires (like Mesopotamia and Egypt) that
did not control large swathes of territory and progress to those that did––like Qin dynasty China, Achaemenid Persia, and ancient Rome. It examines the political structures of empire: What was the relationship of