Download Name Period ______ Date Chapter 9: Muscles and Muscles Tissue

Name _____________________________________________ Period ______ Date _________________
Chapter 9: Muscles and Muscles Tissue
Use the information in chapter 9 to answer the following questions/statements.
Overview of Muscle Tissues
1. Compare and contrast the basic types of muscle tissue.
A. Skeletal
B. Cardiac
C. Smooth
2. List and describe four important functions of muscle tissue.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Skeletal Muscle
3. Describe the gross structure of a skeletal muscle & label the diagram.
a. Epimysium
b. Perimysium & Fascicles
c. Endomysium
4a. Label the diagram of a muscle. TENDON, EPIMYSIUM, PERIMYSIUM, BLOOD VESSEL,
FASCICLE, ENDOMYSIUM, MUSCLE FIBER/CELL
C. Describe the microscopic structure and functional roles of the myofibrils, sarcoplasmic reticulum,
and T tubule(s) of skeletal muscle fibers.
*Myofibrils
*Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
*T tubules
4B. Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle Fiber – Differentiate between each of the following parts of a
sarcomere.
 Z disc/line –
 I band –
 A band –
 M line –
 H zone –
5. Describe the sliding filament model of muscle contractions.
6. Explain how muscle fibers are stimulated to contract by describing events that occur at the
neuromuscular junction. How is acetylcholine inhibited and why must this be done?
7. Describe how an action potential is generated.
8. Describe the events of excitation-contraction coupling that lead to cross bridge activity.
9. Describe three ways in which ATP is regenerated during skeletal muscle contraction. Which
mechanism is the fastest for regenerating ATP during muscle activity? ___________________________
A. Direct Phosphorylation of ADP by Creatine Phosphate
B. Anaerobic Glycolysis & Lactic Acid Formation
D. Aerobic Respiration
10. Where does the Cori Cycle occur? Explain how & why it occurs.
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11. Which ATP energy-producing system would be involved in
 Weight Lifting, Diving & Sprinting? Why? _______________________________________________
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 Tennis, Soccer, 100M Swim? Why? ______________________________________________________
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 Marathon Running & Jogging? Why? ___________________________________________________
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12. What is muscle fatigue and how does it differ from psychological fatigue?
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13. List possible causes of muscle fatigue.
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14. Define oxygen deficit. How is the “debt” paid back? ____________________________________________
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15. Only about 40% of the energy in glucose is converted into ATP to do useful work. What happens to
the other 60% of the energy in the glucose molecule? ___________________________________________
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16. Compare and contrast the effects of aerobic/endurance exercise and resistance exercise on skeletal
muscles and on other body systems.
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17. Explain what happens to muscles during disuse atrophy? How might this be delayed in denervated
muscle?
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Smooth Muscle
18a. How should one train to prevent overuse injuries?
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b. What does the acronym R.I.C.E. stand for with regard to muscle/soft tissue injuries?
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19a. Describe how smooth muscle contraction occurs & the role of calmodulin & myosin light chain
kinase in this process.
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19b. How does smooth muscle contraction differ from skeletal muscle contraction?
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Developmental Aspects of Muscles
20. Describe the embryonic development of muscle tissues and the changes that occur in skeletal muscles
with age.
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21. What accounts for the difference in strength between men and women? Explain & give several
examples.
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22. What is muscular dystrophy? Discuss Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) with regard to its
pattern of inheritance, symptoms, prognosis, cause and possible treatments.
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23. Discuss the effects of aging on muscles. What is sarcopenia and intermittent claudication;
treatment?
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HELPFUL WEB SITES:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mYNq636lr1g – anatomy of a muscle video
http://www.as.wvu.edu/~rbrundage/chapter8b/img004.jpg - diagram of how a nerve impulse causes
sarcomeres in a muscle fiber to contract
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UDvEm9DbXc0 - intro to skeletal muscle contraction
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2NPtiYNuNrE - calcium ion release & muscle contraction
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2NPtiYNuNrE - details of muscle contraction
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8wa04qYsaps - excitation-contraction coupling
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8wa04qYsaps - sliding filament theory
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pSacjmo0nKQ - excitation-contraction coupling