Download The Endocrine System

BIOL 2401
Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology
Mrs. Willie Grant
[email protected]
(210) 643-8968
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 17:
The Special Senses
Chapter 18:
The Endocrine System
An Introduction to the Special Senses
Learning Outcomes
17-1 Describe the sensory organs of smell, trace the olfactory
pathways to their destinations in the brain, and explain the
physiological basis of olfactory discrimination.
17-2 Describe the sensory organs of taste, trace the gustatory
pathways to their destinations in the brain, and explain the
physiological basis of gustatory discrimination.
17-3 Identify the internal and accessory structures of the eye, and
explain the functions of each.
17-4 Explain color and depth perception, describe how light
stimulates the production of nerve impulses, and trace the visual
pathways to their destinations in the brain.
17-5 Describe the structures of the external, middle, and internal ear,
explain their roles in equilibrium and hearing, and trace the
pathways for equilibrium and hearing to their destinations in the
brain.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
An Introduction to the Endocrine System
Learning Outcomes
18-1 Explain the importance of intercellular communication, describe the
mechanisms involved, and compare the modes of intercellular
communication that occur in the endocrine and nervous systems.
18-2 Compare the cellular components of the endocrine system with those
of other systems, contrast the major structural classes of hormones, and
explain the general mechanisms of hormonal action on target organs.
18-3 Describe the location, hormones, and functions of the pituitary gland,
and discuss the effects of abnormal pituitary hormone production.
18-4 Describe the location, hormones, and functions of the thyroid gland,
and discuss the effects of abnormal thyroid hormone production.
18-5 Describe the location, hormone, and functions of the parathyroid
glands, and discuss the effects of abnormal parathyroid hormone
production.
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An Introduction to the Special Senses
Five Special Senses
1. Olfaction
2. Gustation
3. Vision
4. Equilibrium
5. Hearing
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Figure 17-1a The Olfactory Organs
Olfactory Pathway to the Cerebrum
Olfactory
Olfactory Olfactory
epithelium nerve
bulb
fibers (N I)
Olfactory
tract
Central
nervous
system
Smell (Olfaction)
Olfaction Organs
provide sense of
smell. They are
located in nasal
cavity.
1 What is the
life-span of an
olfactory
receptor?
Cribriform
plate
Superior
nasal
concha
The olfactory organ on
the left side of the nasal
septum
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17-2 Taste (Gustation)
Taste Buds—associated with epithelial projections (lingual papillae) on superior surface of the
tongue
Three Types of Lingual Papillae
Filiform papillae Fungiform papillae Circumvallate papillae
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Figure 17-4a External Features and Accessory Structures of the Eye
(Vision)
Accessory Structures of the Eye (provide protection, lubrication and support)
Include: The palpebrae (eyelids) and the lacrimal apparatus
The palpebrae (eyelids)
Eyelashes
The lacrimal apparatus
Pupil
Lateral canthus
Palpebra
Palpebral fissure
Sclera
Medial canthus
Lacrimal caruncle
Corneal limbus
Gross and superficial
anatomy of the accessory
structures
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Muscles of the Eye
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17-3 The Eye
Eyeball
Is hollow and divided into two cavities
1.
Large posterior cavity
2.
Smaller anterior cavity
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17-3 The Eye
Three Layers of the Eye
1.
Outer fibrous layer
2.
Intermediate vascular layer
3.
Deep inner layer
2 What are the
components of the
fibrous tunic and vascular
tunic?
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17-3 The Eye
The Inner Layer
Outer layer called pigmented part Inner called neural part (retina)
Contains visual receptors and associated neurons
Rods and cones are types of photoreceptors
Rods—Do not discriminate light colors/Highly sensitive to light
Cones—Provide color vision
Densely clustered in fovea, at center of macula
3 What the two types of
photoreceptors, and
how do their functions
differ?
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The Chambers of the Eye
Aqueous Humor
Vitreous boody
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The Eye
Light Refraction (bending of light by retina and lens)
Accommodation (shape of lens changes to focus image on retina)
Astigmatism
Condition where light passing through cornea and lens is not refracted properly
Visual image is distorted
Visual acuity
Clarity of vision
“Normal” rating is 20/20
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4 What is
presbyopia?
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17-4 Visual Physiology
The Visual Pathways
Begin at photoreceptors and ends at visual cortex of cerebral hemispheres
Message crosses two synapses before it heads toward brain
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17-5 The Ear
The External Ear
Auricle—surrounds entrance to external acoustic meatus and protects
opening of canal as well as provides directional sensitivity.
External acoustic meatus—ends at tympanic membrane (eardrum)
Tympanic membrane—is a thin, semitransparent sheet that separates
external ear from middle ear
Ceruminous glands—Integumentary glands along external acoustic
meatus that secretes waxy material (cerumen wich keeps foreign
objects out of tympanic membrane and slows growth of microorganisms
in external acoustic meatus.
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17-5 The Ear
The Middle Ear
Also called tympanic cavity
Communicates with nasopharynx via auditory tube
Permits equalization of pressures on either side of tympanic
membrane
Encloses and protects three auditory ossicles
1.
Malleus (hammer)
2.
Incus (anvil)
3.
Stapes (stirrup)
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17-5 The Ear
The Internal Ear
Contains fluid called endolymph
Bony labyrinth surrounds and protects membranous labyrinth
Subdivided into:
Vestibule
Semicircular canals
Cochlea
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Figure 17-21 The Anatomy of the Ear
Middle Ear
External Ear
Elastic cartilages
Internal Ear
Auditory ossicles
Oval
window
Semicircular canals
Petrous part of
temporal bone
Auricle
Facial nerve (N VII)
Vestibulocochlear
nerve (N VIII)
Bony labyrinth
of internal ear
Cochlea
Tympanic
cavity
Auditory tube
To
nasopharynx
External acoustic
meatus
Tympanic
membrane
Round Vestibule
window
5 What structures separate the middle ear from the internal ear?
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
18
The Endocrine System
PowerPoint® Lecture Presentations prepared by
Jason LaPres
Lone Star College—North Harris
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
An Introduction to the Endocrine System
The Endocrine System
Regulates long-term processes
Growth
Development
Reproduction
Uses chemical messengers to relay information and instructions between
cells
6 What is the basic difference between endocrine glands and exocrine glands?
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
18-2 Hormones
Classes of Hormones
Hormones can be divided into three groups
1. Amino acid derivatives
2. Peptide hormones
3. Lipid derivatives
Secretion and Distribution of Hormones
Hormones circulate freely or travel bound to special carrier proteins
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18-2 Structural Classification of Hormones
http://resources.mhs.vic.edu.au/science/resources/hormones.htm
http://resources.mhs.vic.edu.au/science/resources/hormones.htm
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
18-9 Endocrine Tissues of Other Systems
Many Organs of Other Body Systems Have Secondary Endocrine Functions
Intestines (digestive system)
Kidneys (urinary system)
Heart (cardiovascular system)
Thymus (lymphatic system and immunity)
Gonads (reproductive system)
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18-10 Hormone Interactions
Hormones Interact to Produce Coordinated Physiological Responses
When a cell receives instructions from two hormones at the same time, four
outcomes are possible
1.
Antagonistic effects - opposing
2.
Synergistic effects - additive
3.
Permissive effects - one hormone is necessary for
another to produce effect
4.
Integrative effects - hormones produce different and
complementary results
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18-10 Hormone Interactions
Hormones Important to Growth
Growth hormone (GH)
Thyroid hormones
Insulin
PTH and calcitriol
Reproductive hormones
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18-10 Hormone Interactions
The Hormonal Responses to Stress
General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
Also called stress response
How body responds to stress-causing factors
Is divided into three phases
1. Alarm phase
2. Resistance phase
3. Exhaustion phase
9 What is the basic difference between the stress response and homeostasis?
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18-10 Hormone Interactions
The Effects of Hormones on Behavior
Hormone changes
Can alter intellectual capabilities, memory, learning, and emotional
states
Affect behavior when endocrine glands are over-secreting or undersecreting
Aging and Hormone Production
Causes few functional changes
Decline in concentration of:
Growth hormone
Reproductive hormones
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.