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CLASSIFICATION OF EMERGENCIES AND THEIR CAUSES (EMERGENCIES OF NATURAL ORIGIN). Scientific and technological progress not only improves the production, improvement of working conditions and the welfare of the population, but also increases the risk of accidents on facilities management. Huge regional burden of industrial and energy facilities increases the likelihood of accidents and disasters, losses from which can be compared with losses due to military conflicts. Ensuring national security is an integral function of each state as a social formation, designed to ensure favorable conditions for life and work of its citizens. Assessment of the overall state of technogenic and ecological security is the foundation on which a strategy of state policy in the field of population and territories from emergency situations of Ukraine (HC). Problems of prevention and elimination of health effects of anthropogenic and natural origin in order to preserve life and health, is a component of national security. Almost a third of all industrial facilities are enterprises engaged in the manufacture, processing and storage of highly toxic, explosive and flammable substances. Given the economic crisis, lack of funds, very slowly and late is to upgrade or replace obsolete fixed assets, the level of depreciation of equipment which is close to critical. All this increases the likelihood of man-made hazards. Man-made and natural processes can lead to accidents, disasters and, as a result of them, to emergency facility or in a separate area. Crash - out of order, destruction of facilities, buildings, equipment, vehicles and breakdown of production or transport process in consequence of which the object or a particular area a threat to life and health. Catastrophe - a sudden, transient event caused by nature or human activity that caused numerous casualties, inflicted injury or significant threat to the health of people, caused the destruction or removal of facilities and other property in significant amounts, and also caused damage to the environment . Incident (NA) - violation of normal life and activity of people in a specific area or object caused by accident, disaster, natural disaster or other dangerous events, including epidemics, epizootics, fire that resulted or may result in failure to stay population in the area or object of there business, loss of life and significant material losses. Emergency public health - a circumstance that has arisen suddenly, in which the possibility of health care and the prevention and elimination of health effects of NA actual potential and require additional medical capabilities outside or substantial change everyday forms and methods. The purpose of the classification of emergencies is an effective mechanism for evaluation of events that has or may occur in the forecast period, and to determine the degree of response at the appropriate management level. Common signs of NS are: presence or threat of loss of life or significant breach of their life, causing economic losses, significant environmental degradation. In order to create a unified system of classification of the National Assembly and to determine their levels to ensure prompt and adequate response to such situations by the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine dated July 15, 1998 № 1009 approved the Regulations on the classification of the National Assembly. According to the causes of the origin of events that may lead to the emergency situation in Ukraine differ: Emergencies anthropogenic origin Natural origin Socio-political origin War origin According to the territorial distribution State level Regional level Local level Site level emergency situation anthropogenic origin - traffic accidents (accident), fires, explosions or their unprovoked threat of an accident with the release of (the threat of release) of hazardous chemical, radioactive, biological substances on objects the economy on life-support systems, communication systems, telecommunications , power systems, waste water treatment facilities, the presence in the environment of hazardous substances exceeding the MCL, the sudden destruction of buildings and, hydrodynamic accident dams etc.. emergencies of natural origin - dangerous geological, meteorological, hydrological (marine, freshwater), degradation of soil or subsoil, natural fires, changing the state of air pollution, infectious diseases of people, human poisoning, infectious disease or massive loss of livestock, damage crops and disease pests, changing the state of water resources and the biosphere more. emergency social and political issues related to the illegal actions of terrorist and unconstitutional direction: exercise or a real threat of terrorist attack (armed attacks, capture and retention of important facilities, nuclear facilities and materials, communications and telecommunications, attempted managers state and national deputies of Ukraine, assault or attempted crewmen air, sea and river vessels), theft (attempted theft) or Destruction (attempt to destroy) such vessels hostage crew members or passengers, setting an explosive device in a public place institution, organization, business enterprise, residential, transportation, destruction or theft of objects of different weapons, ammunition, armored vehicles, explosives, radioactive substances, identification of obsolete munitions accident arsenals, ammunition depots and other military installations with ejection of debris jet and conventional ordnance. PSD military character associated with the effects of weapons of mass destruction or conventional weapons, during which there are secondary factors affecting the population due to the destruction of nuclear and hydroelectric stations, warehouses and storage of radioactive and toxic substances and waste, petroleum products, explosives, transportation and utilities others. level spread 1 State Regional Local Object 2 From more then 2 region – one country and more From more then 2 district Number of death people 3 More then 5 people Number of injured people Number of people with change for the worse living condition 4 More then 100 people 5 More then 10000 people for a long time (more then 3 day) 3-5 people 50-100 people 1000-10 000 people for a long time (more then 3 day) Spread out of 1-2 people 20-50 people boundary of potential dangerous object , dangerous for environment and other settlement Cant be determine according previously mentioned. 100-1000 people for a long time (more then 3 day) Medical consequences of natural character Natural disasters (natural disasters) - a disastrous situations that occur suddenly as a result of natural forces, leading to disruption of daily way of life of large populations, in most cases involving loss of life, destruction of property, destruction of housing, economic facilities and environmental pollution. Implications many large destructive natural disasters are often catastrophic for residents affected regions. Peculiarities of the geographical position of Ukraine. scale geological processes, the presence of mountain ranges, hills and lowlands, proximity warm seas cause potential virtually the full range of natural hazards and processes of geological, hydrogeological and meteorological origin and natural fires. Most important for Ukraine dangerous among natural disasters are earthquakes, floods, tornadoes, hurricanes, mud flows, landslides, landslides, avalanches, forest fires. Natural evil inherent in common: a large spatial scale, a significant impact on the environment, a strong psychological impact on people. Determined in 3 groups of natural disasters: - Tectonic disasters (earthquakes, morehvylyuvannya, landslides, volcanic eruptions) - Topological disasters (floods, mudflows, avalanches, etc.) - Meteorological disasters (storms, hurricanes, droughts, fires) Earthquakes Earthquakes - is tremors and vibrations of the earth's surface arising from discontinuities in the crust and transmitted over a long distance in the form of elastic waves. According to world statistics on the fate of earthquakes accounted 15.0% of all natural disasters, but the nature of the human and material losses they occupy the first place. The intensity of earthquakes scored international Richter scale. Earthquake recorded only 1 point special devices (seismographs); - 2-3 points - weak; - 4 points - moderate; - 5 points - powerful; - 6.7 points - quite powerful; - 8 points - destructive; - 9-10 points - very destructive; - 11-12 points - catastrophic. Annually worldwide recorded more than 1 million aftershocks, of which 1 belongs to catastrophic, 10 - to severely disruptive and about 1000 - before damaging. In Ukraine earthquake-prone areas are zones of Crimea and the Carpathians with an area of nearly 120 km2, with a population around 11 million. Power aftershocks according to forecasts may be from 5 to 9 points. Depending on the intensity of ground vibrations are 4 zones of destruction: A - area of complete destruction - 100.0% damage (11-12 points); B - an area badly damaged - 50,0-90,0% damage (9-10 points); B - medium damage zone - 30,0-50,0% damage (7-8 points); D - Zone weak destruction - 10,0-30,0% damage (5-6 points). Earthquakes may be accompanied by fire, flood areas associated with the destruction of dams and levees. Especially dangerous are the destruction of chemical and radiation hazardous objects. The number of victims of the earthquake can not be foreseen. It depends on the strength of the tremors and the degree of destruction of various buildings. As a result of the earthquake, the following types of injuries: - Fractures of different locations; - Traumatic amputation; - Syndrome lasting compression or crushing; - Head injury; - Psychological disorders; - Infectious disease. Exploring the causes of injury and proves that in 10.0% of cases are associated with collapses and the destruction of buildings, 35.0% - secondary damaging factors (fragments of buildings, buildings), and 55.0% resulting from the improper actions of the victims themselves caused fear and panic. Much of the injured (adults and children) die from untimely medical care provided. More than half the deaths falls on the first day. Mortality among infected with traumatic shock is 12.0 - 15.0%. Violation of the psyche (as in affected and among rescuers) in the earthquake zone observed in 75.0%, and 10.0 - 15.0% expressed psycho-emotional disorders. Such people need hospital treatment and isolation. Due to damage to water supply and sanitation, lack of safe drinking water, deteriorating sanitary living conditions of the population in the earthquake zone may have massive infections. Floods Flood - a temporary inundation water significant terrain due to raise the water level in rivers and other bodies of water, damage to hydraulic and stuff. The main causes of flooding could become heavy downpours, intense snowmelt, annual floods. Especially dangerous flooding arising from sudden breakthrough hydro dams and dams, landslides or avalanches of rocks. Among the flood disaster in Ukraine ranks first on the frequency, size distribution, causing material damage. Very often these natural disasters occur in the western parts of the country. As the number of flood victims are second only to earthquakes. Depending on the scale floods are distinguished: - Low flood - there on the plains rivers are characterized by a relatively small area of flooding, do not lead to casualties; - High floods - accompanied by a significant rise of water, flooding large areas, causing significant property damage, threatening human life and health; - Significant flooding - accompanied by flooding river basins and settlements, there is a real threat of losses among the population and the need for its evacuation from the flood zone; - Catastrophic flooding - flooding accompanied by very large areas, worsening the livelihoods of the population, prevent economic activities in the flooded areas, causing considerable damage and loss of health in the population. When the catastrophic floods in flooded areas providing 4 flood zone depending on the speed of water flow, wave height and the distance between the dam and towns and travel time wave breaking. The first zone - zone of catastrophic flooding is directly adjacent to the water networks or the beginning of a natural phenomenon. Wave height can reach several meters and speed of 30 km / h or more. The average length of this zone can be 12.6 km. The time of the wave break to 30 minutes. The second zone - zone of rapid flow. Current velocity of 15-20 km / h. Length zone 15-25 km. Time passing wave to 1 hour. The third zone - the zone of secondary flow. Current velocity of 10-15 km / h, the length of 30-50 km. Time passing waves - 2-3 hours. The fourth zone - the zone of weak flow (flood zone). Current velocity 5-10 km / h, length can be 35-70 km. World statistics show that the proportion of floods up to 40.0% in total disaster. Among the affected structure of sanitary losses formed by: drowning (asphyxia), mechanical trauma, hypothermia, acute respiratory disorders and cardiovascular activities, soft tissue injuries, concussions, pneumonia, neuropsychiatric reactions, exacerbation of chronic diseases. Deteriorating sanitary and epidemiological situation in the flooded areas that can lead to massive outbreaks of infectious diseases. When floods are important timely notification and evacuation of the population, livestock and property from flooding probable region. Sel A variation is flooding the countryside. Village - a temporary stream of water, sand, clay, rock fragments and boulders that suddenly formed in the basins of the rivers. The cause mudslides are intense and prolonged torrential rains, heavy snow and melting mountain glaciers and earthquakes. Typically village some waves moving at speeds up to 10 m / s and more, transferring large amounts of earth, gravel and large stones. Sel is characterized by a sharp rise in the water level, wave motion, fugacious action (1-3 h) and significant damaging effect. Selye flows are of great destructive power. By selenebezpechnyh regions include areas in the Carpathians and Crimean Mountains. Examples mudflow could be an event that happened in Kiev March 13, 1961, in the area of raw, when mud flow up to 4 meters mounted Kurenivka (Kyiv region). Landslides Landslides - a moving mass of rock crawling down the slope under the force of gravity. To account for 90.0% of landslides in the area are located at an altitude of 100 to 1700 meters above sea level. They occur on slopes with slope more than 20 degrees, mostly along rivers in the Carpathians and Crimea. Landslides like earthquakes, but the area of the disaster is much smaller. Number of victims could be from a few to 50 people. Particularly active landslides are active in the areas of economic activity (Carpathians, Crimea, Donbass, Odessa, Dnipropetrovsk, Khmelnytsky region). Important to determine the behavior and actions of people in mudslides and landslides has timely detection and notification. On approximation Mudslides can learn the nature of sound that give boulders or fragments stones. This sound like thunder train approaching at high speed. About the beginning of the shift showed the following characteristics: appearance of cracks on the buildings, exploding on the roads, coastal fortifications and embankments, washing away the earth shifting foundations of various tall structures. The main causes of injuries and deaths in mudslides and landslides are: - Collapse people soil, rocks, trees; - Causing injuries objects that fall (stones, trees); - Collapse people ruined buildings; - Capture people turbulent flow of water or mudflow mass. The winds of destructive force Of the group of meteorological and agrometeorological phenomena of natural origin are very dangerous storms are natural phenomena (storms), hurricanes (typhoons), tornadoes (tornadoes), cyclones, which are very fast and strong, often catastrophic movement of air that causes the destruction of buildings, loss of life and animals. The main cause of storms, hurricanes, tornadoes are cyclonic activity atmosphere. The characteristics of these phenomena is the wind speed. Table 3 shows the Beaufort Scale, which allows you to imagine the destructive force of the wind on his speed. The Beaufort Scale is an empirical measure for describing wind speed based mainly on observed sea conditions (on land it is categorised by the physical effects it has on vegetation and structures). Its full name is the Beaufort Wind Force Scale. N 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Description Wind speed < 1 km/h < 1 mph Calm < 1 kn < 0.3 m/s 1.1–5.5 km/h 1–3 mph Light air 1–2 kn 0.3–1.5 m/s 5.6–11 km/h 4–7 mph Light breeze 3–6 kn 1.6–3.4 m/s 12–19 km/h 8–12 mph Gentle breeze 7–10 kn 3.4–5.4 m/s 20–28 km/h 13–17 mph Moderate breeze 11–15 kn 5.5–7.9 m/s 29–38 km/h 18–24 mph Fresh breeze 16–20 kn 8.0–10.7 m/s 39–49 km/h 25–30 mph Strong breeze 21–26 kn 10.8– 13.8 m/s 50–61 km/h High wind, Moderate gale, 31–38 mph Near gale 27–33 kn Wave height Sea conditions Land conditions 0m Flat. Calm. Smoke rises vertically. Ripples without crests. Smoke drift indicates wind direction and wind vanes cease moving. 0 ft 0–0.2 m 0–1 ft 0.2–0.5 Small wavelets. Crests m Wind felt on exposed skin. Leaves of glassy appearance, not rustle and wind vanes begin to move. 1–2 ft breaking 0.5–1 m 2– 3.5 ft Large wavelets. Crests Leaves and small twigs constantly begin to break; scattered moving, light flags extended. whitecaps 1–2 m Small waves with Dust and loose paper raised. Small breaking crests. Fairly branches begin to move. 3.5– frequent whitecaps. 6 ft 2–3 m Moderate waves of some Branches of a moderate size move. length. Many whitecaps. Small trees in leaf begin to sway. 6–9 ft Small amounts of spray. 3–4 m Long waves begin to form. White foam crests are very frequent. Some 9–13 ft airborne spray is present. 4–5.5 m 13– Large branches in motion. Whistling heard in overhead wires. Umbrella use becomes difficult. Empty plastic garbage cans tip over. Sea heaps up. Some Whole trees in motion. Effort needed foam from breaking to walk against the wind. waves is blown into 19 ft 13.9– 17.1 m/s 8 Gale, Fresh gale 62–74 km/h 5.5–7.5 39–46 mph m 34–40 kn 18– 17.2– 25 ft 20.7 m/s 75–88 km/h 7–10 47–58 mph m 41–47 kn 9 Strong gale 20.8– 24.4 m/s 23– 32 ft 89–102 km/h 9–12.5 55–63 mph m 48–55 kn Storm, 10 Whole gale 23.5– 28.4 m/s 11 103– 117 km/h 64–72 mph Violent storm 56–63 kn 28.5– 32.6 m/s Hurricane- 12 force ≥ 118 km/h ≥ 73 mph ≥ 64 kn ≥ 32.7 m/s 29– 41 ft 11.5– 16 m 37– 52 ft ≥ 14 m ≥ 46 ft streaks along wind direction. Moderate amounts of airborne spray. Moderately high waves with breaking crests forming spindrift. Wellmarked streaks of foam are blown along wind direction. Considerable airborne spray. High waves whose crests sometimes roll over. Dense foam is blown along wind direction. Large amounts of airborne spray may begin to reduce visibility. Very high waves with overhanging crests. Large patches of foam from wave crests give the sea a white appearance. Considerable tumbling of waves with heavy impact. Large amounts of airborne spray reduce visibility. Exceptionally high waves. Very large patches of foam, driven before the wind, cover much of the sea surface. Very large amounts of airborne spray severely reduce visibility. Huge waves. Sea is completely white with foam and spray. Air is filled with driving spray, greatly reducing visibility. Some twigs broken from trees. Cars veer on road. Progress on foot is seriously impeded. Some branches break off trees, and some small trees blow over. Construction/temporary signs and barricades blow over. Trees are broken off or uprooted, saplings bent and deformed. Poorly attached asphalt shingles and shingles in poor condition peel off roofs. Widespread damage to vegetation. Many roofing surfaces are damaged; asphalt tiles that have curled p and/or fractured due to age may break away completely. Very widespread damage to vegetation. Some windows may break; mobile homes and poorly constructed sheds and barns are damaged. Debris may be hurled about. Hurricane The storm - very strong and prolonged wind, causing great destruction on land and rough sea (storm). Depending on the time of year and in the air flow distinguish different particle dust, without dust, snow and hail storms. Dust (sand) storms accompanied by the transfer of large quantities of soil and sand. They occur in deserts and semi-cultivated plains and able to move millions of tons of dust for hundreds of kilometers and fill an area of several thousand kilometers. Without dust storms are characterized by the lack of involvement of dust in the air flow and relatively smaller scale of destruction and loss. Snowy winter storms occur and move through the air great masses of snow. Their length from a few hours to several days. Have a relatively narrow strip action. Hail storms are characterized by almost sudden onset, rapid completion of the same, little lasting and great destructive force. Hurricanes Hurricane - a long time a strong wind destructive force (12 points for Beaufort scale). Wind speed exceeds 130 km / h. As a result of hurricanes destroyed buildings on a large area, there are fires, people are dying, a large number of people in need of care. The combination of hurricane winds and snow or dust rise to strong blizzards or dust storms. During storms, hurricanes and tornadoes medical and sanitary conditions will be determined primarily by the nature of settlements, the size of the front passing wind flow, timely notification of approaching disaster. In Ukraine, such disasters are more common in the southern and western regions, but do not exclude the possibility of their occurrence in other regions of the country. Tornadoes Tornadoes - air flow that looks like vortex that can lift and move considerable distances humans, animals, tear roofs off buildings, uprooting trees roots. This is the most destructive meteor. The air in the tornado rotates at a speed of several tens of meters per second, while rising in spirals to a height of 800-1500 m Average speed its move 40-60 km / h. Consequences of hurricane winds and tornadoes are characterized by the number of dead and injured, people were left homeless, the number of destroyed and damaged houses, industrial and cultural and service facilities, communications, power grids and communications and so on. Health Effects of Hurricane During hurricane (tornado) to 50.0% of injuries occur from objects flying and falling. Within injuries traumatic brain injury can range 50,0-70,0% (this is 18,0-20,0% severe traumatic brain injury), fractures of extremities, pelvis, spine about 15.0%. Combined injury can be 60,0-65,0%. Wounds are usually torn, soiled with sand, earth, fragments of glass in great depth. Wildfires Fire - a spontaneous, uncontrollable combustion process, which is accompanied by destruction of property and pose a threat to human health and life. They are classified into natural fires (wood, peat, prairie, field) and fires in settlements (single, massive, solid). Depending on the nature of burning natural fires are divided into grassroots, and upland soil. These global statistics indicate that the planet every year there is about 3.3 million natural fires. Over the past 30 years the number of fires has increased threefold, and the number of victims of them - 10 times. Fires in settlements arising from the violation of the rules of fire safety equipment, as a result of natural disasters. Fires may be the individual (off one or more buildings), mass (burning buildings to 20.0%), solid (20.0% more burning buildings). Fires causing major material damage and bring harm to people - there are burns and trauma, carbon monoxide poisoning, nervous and mental disorders. Fire is characterized by a large amount of heat and intense gas exchange of products of combustion. Space, which captured fire, conventionally divided into separate zones of active combustion, thermal effects and smoke. In the heat of the fire zone of a mixture of air and gaseous products of combustion are between 60 and 9000S, and surface heat flux density exceeding 4 kW (60 kcal / (min • m2)). In the area of smoke are Key factors affecting the combustion products, many of which have high toxicity. Especially toxic substances formed during combustion of polymers. In some cases, products of incomplete combustion with oxygen can form flammable and explosive mixtures. In case of fire, people can get thermal and mechanical damage of varying degrees of severity and possible carbon monoxide intoxication. Providing medical assistance to victims is different because the search is complicated because of the smoke affected areas or buildings, and the emergence of combined lesions. Environmental Disaster One of the basic concepts of ecology and the objects of its study is the notion of "biosphere". During the biosphere understand thin layer of air, water and soil throughout the globe where there are developing organisms. There are a number of environmental factors, the most interesting of which is anthropogenic human activities associated with the development of civilization. Ecological importance of this group of factors came in the second half of the 20th century, due to intensive human impact on the biosphere. It led to: 1. Changes in the structure of the earth's surface (plowing of the steppes, deforestation, violations of the surface water reclamation, creation of artificial lakes and seas). 2. Changes in the composition of the biosphere (mining, emissions into the atmosphere and water bodies of different chemicals). 3. Changes of thermal balance of certain areas of the globe. 4. Changes in the composition of living organisms of the biosphere (the extinction of species, creation of new animal breeds and plant varieties, changing their place of residence). A characteristic feature of our time is the negative impact on the ecosystem, increasing the number of accidents and disasters in the industry, including nuclear power, chemical production and transport, increase in the number of natural disasters. As a result of various human activities are polluting the biosphere, which causes severe environmental problems. The features of scientific and technological progress, leading to ecological disasters are: 1. A significant increase in the volume of industrial production. 2. The emergence of new environmentally hazardous equipment and technology. 3. Accumulation of chemical plants huge stocks of dangerous for the environment and human health-acting poisons (SDYAV). 4. Consumption of non-renewable natural resources (oil, gas, coal). 5. Miscellaneous increasing complexity of technical systems that interact man. Particularly high growth in the last decade gained growth of chemical production. Man-made emissions of chemicals into the atmosphere leading to significant air pollution inorganic chemistry. As a result of burning fossil fuels in the Earth's atmosphere ejected a large number of sulfur and nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxide leads to the greenhouse effect and the threat of global climate change. Extremely dangerous from an ecological point of view are products of chlorine, namely compounds such as dioxin, which fall into the biosphere as a result of accidents and violations of technological regimes especially in pulp and paper industry. Even in low concentrations, they suppress the immune system function, exercise mutagenic and carcinogenic effects. Great danger are organophosphorus pesticides, heavy metals. In recent years, marked accumulation in the environment toksykativ that the interaction between them, as well as effects on the human body leading to new forms of previously unregistered lesions and require new approaches to diagnosis and treatment. This is clearly manifested in the following environmental emergencies, such as "Chernivtsi disease", or alopecia and chemical damage unknown substance residents Pervomaisky region Nikolaev region. The development of science and technology has a negative side that could lead to emergency situations of technogenic, natural and environmental problems, which threaten the lives and health of people. Medical staff, in charge of public health in these conditions should be adequately trained, not only from a specific medical specialty but also for the organization of this process by implementing these skills in extreme conditions. Based on the needs guarantees the security of the population and territory of Ukraine established an integrated system to prevent and respond to accidents, disasters and other NA, part of which is a public service of Disaster Medicine (DSMK), part of which may include physicians of all specialties. Preparation of this activity and dedicated emergency medicine course.