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Vocabulary for 9-week exam Circulatory System: 1. artery- blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart. 2. atrium- upper chambers of the heart that contract at the same time during a heartbeat. 3. capillary- microscopic blood vessel that connects arteries and veins; has walls one cell thick, through which nutrients and oxygen diffuse into body cells and waste materials and carbon dioxide diffuse out. 4. coronary circulation- flow of blood to and from the tissues of the heart. 5. hemoglobin- chemical in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to body cells. 6. plasma- liquid part of the blood, made mostly of water, in which oxygen, nutrients, and minerals are dissolved. 7. platelet- irregularly shaped cell fragment that helps clot blood. 8. pulmonary circulation- flow of blood through the heart to the lungs and back to the heart. 9. systemic circulation- largest part of the circulatory system in which oxygen-rich flows to all the organs and body tissues, except the heart and lungs. The Respiratory System: 1. alveoli- tiny, thin-walled, grape-like clusters at the end of each bronchiole that are surrounded by capillaries, where carbon dioxide and oxygen exchange take place. 2. bronchi- two short tubes that branch off the lower end of the trachea and carry air into the lungs. 3. diaphragm- muscle beneath the lungs that contracts and relaxes to move gases in and out of the body. 4. larynx- airway to which the vocal cords are attached. 5. pharynx- tube-like passageway for food, liquid, and air. 6. trachea- air-conducting tube that connects the larynx with the bronchi. The Digestive System: 1. chemical digestion- digestive system process that occurs when chemicals break down large food molecules into smaller ones that can be absorbed by the body. 2. chyme- thin, watery product of digestion that moves slowly out of the stomach and into the small intestine. 3. digestion- chemical and mechanical process that breaks food down into small molecules so that they can be absorbed by the body. 4. enzyme- a type of protein that speeds up the rate of chemical reactions. 5. mechanical digestion- digestive system process where food is broken down through chewing, mixing, and churning. 6. peristalsis- waves of muscular contractions that move food through the digestive system. 7. villi- fingerlike projections in the small wall of the small intestine that increase the surface area for absorption of nutrient molecules. The Skeletal System: 1. cartilage- tough, flexible tissue similar to bone but is softer and less brittle. 2. joint- any place where two or more bones come together; can be movable or immovable. 3. ligament- touch band of tissue that holds bones together at joints. 4. periosteum- tough, tight-fitting membrane that convers a bone’s surface and contains blood vessels that transport nutrients into the bone. 5. skeletal system- all the bones in the body; forms an internal, living framework that provides shape and support, protects internal organs, moves bones, forms blood cells, and stores calcium and phosphorous compounds for later use. The Muscular System: 1. cardiac muscle- striated, involuntary muscle found only in the heart. 2. involuntary muscle- muscle, such as heart muscle, that cannot be consciously controlled. 3. muscle- organ that can relax, contract, and provide the force to move bones and body parts. 4. skeletal muscle- voluntary, striated muscle that moves bones, works in pairs, and is attached to bones by tendons. 5. smooth muscle- involuntary, non-striated muscle that controls movement of internal organs. 6. tendon- thick band of tissue that attaches bones to muscles. 7. voluntary muscle- muscle, such as leg or arm muscle, that can be consciously controlled. The Nervous System 1. axon- neuron structure that carries messages away from the cell body. 2. brain stem- connects the brain to the spinal cord and is made up of the mid-brain, the pons, and the medulla. 3. central nervous system- division of the nervous system, made up of the brain and spinal cord. 4. cerebellum- part of the brain that controls voluntary muscle movements, maintains muscle tone, and helps maintain balance. 5. cerebrum- larges part of the brain, where memory is stored, movements are controlled, and impulses from the senses are interpreted. 6. dendrite- neuron structure that receives messages and sends them to the cell body. 7. homeostasis- regulation of an organism’s internal, life-maintaining conditions despite changes in its environment. 8. peripheral nervous system- division of the nervous system, made up of all the nerves outside the CNS: connects the brain and spinal cord to other parts of the body. 9. reflex- automatic, involuntary response to a stimulus; controlled by the spinal cord. 10.synapse- small space across which an impulse moves from an axon to the dendrites or cell body. The Endocrine System 1. hormone- chemical produced by the endocrine system, is released directly into the bloodstream by ductless glands, affects specific target tissues, and can speed up or slow down cellular activities.