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Respiratory and Circulatory Systems Study Guide Answer Key SECTION 1. RESPIRATORY AND CIRCULATORY FUNCTIONS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. respiratory circulatory homeostasis 4; 1; 3; 2 3; 2; 1 heart arteries veins capillaries cold diaphragm alveoli SECTION 2. RESPIRATION AND GAS EXCHANGE 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. higher, lower alveoli surface area hemoglobin 2; 4; 3; 1 smoking emphysema asthma cystic fibrosis Asthma Hemoglobin emphysema SECTION 3. THE HEART AND CIRCULATION 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. right right ventricle left atrium mitral left ventricle aortic muscle, valves ventricles 2; 5; 3; 1; 4 pulmonary 11. systemic 12. first 13. pacemaker SECTION 4. BLOOD VESSELS AND TRANSPORT 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. Arteries Veins muscle cells, elastic fibers (either order) Capillary beds blood, artery systolic pressure diastolic pressure elasticity hypertension circulatory diseases angioplasty; bypass surgery arteriosclerosis; atherosclerosis systolic pressure diastolic pressure SECTION 5. BLOOD 1–3. Correct answers, in any order: red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets 4. plasma proteins 5–6. albumin; fibrinogen (either order) 7. Albumin 8. Fibrinogen 9. Immune proteins 10. red blood cells 11. white blood cells 12. platelets 13. blood type 14. Blood clots 15. the four blood types, A, B, AB, and O 16. platelet 17. Plasma Section 1: Respiratory and Circulatory Functions Study Guide KEY CONCEPT The respiratory and circulatory systems bring oxygen and nutrients to the cells. VOCABULARY circulatory system alveoli vein respiratory system diaphragm capillary Trachea heart Lung artery MAIN IDEA: The respiratory and circulatory systems work together to maintain homeostasis. Fill in the blank with the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. 1. The main function of the _____________________ system is exchanging gases in the blood with gases from the atmosphere. 2. The main functions of the _____________________ system include transporting blood, bringing supplies to cells and carrying away wastes, and separating oxygen-poor blood from oxygen-rich blood. 3. The circulatory and respiratory systems work together to maintain _____________________ as the body’s needs for oxygen and nutrients change. MAIN IDEA: The respiratory system moves gases into and out of the blood. Number the following parts of the body to show the path that air takes after it enters the nose and mouth. 4. _________ alveoli _________ trachea _________ bronchiole _________ lungs Study Guide continued As shown in Figure 1.2, when you inhale, the muscles of the rib cage contract, expanding the rib cage. The diaphragm flattens and moves downward, and air flows into the lungs. Number the following phrases to show the sequence of events that happens when you exhale. 5. __________ air flows out __________ air pressure inside the lungs increases __________ muscles of the rib cage relax, making the rib cage smaller, and the diaphragm relaxes, causing it to rise MAIN IDEA: The circulatory system moves blood to all parts of the body. Fill in the chart to help you remember the parts of the circulatory system and their functions. Part 6. Function keeps blood moving to every part of the body 7. carry blood away from the heart to the rest of the body 8. carry blood from the body to the heart 9. tiny blood vessels that transport blood to and from cells Circle the word that best completes the sentence. 10. To maintain a steady body temperature during hot / cold weather, blood vessels constrict to conserve heat. During hot / cold weather, the heart pumps harder and the blood vessels dilate to bring excess heat to the skin. Vocabulary Check Fill in the blank with the word that best completes the sentence. 11. The large dome-shaped muscle at the base of the rib cage is the _____________________. 12. The smallest branches of the respiratory system are the _____________________. Section 2: Respiration and Gas Exchange Study Guide KEY CONCEPT The respiratory system exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide. VOCABULARY red blood cell emphysema Hemoglobin asthma MAIN IDEA: Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli of the lungs. Fill in the blank with the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. 1. Gases move by diffusion from an area of _____________________ concentration to an area of _____________________ concentration. 2. The circulatory and respiratory systems come together in the _____________________, where gas exchange takes place. 3. The large _____________________ provided by clusters of alveoli makes it possible for the lungs to absorb enough oxygen to keep you alive. 4. The _____________________ in red blood cells is an iron-rich protein that carries oxygen. Number the following phrases to show the sequence of events that happens when CO2 levels in the blood increase. 5. ______ Sensors relay information about blood acidity to the medulla and pons in the brain stem. ______ Diaphragm and rib muscles are stimulated to work harder. ______ The medulla sends messages through the nervous and endocrine systems. ______ Blood becomes more acidic. Study Guide continued MAIN IDEA: Respiratory diseases interfere with gas exchange. Complete the chart below by filling in the blanks with the disease or activity that corresponds with its effect on the lungs’ ability to exchange gases. Activity or Disease Effect on Lungs 6. Tar deposits reduce gas exchange. 7. Alveoli are destroyed. 8. Muscle spasms cause bronchioles to constrict. 9. Thick, sticky mucus blocks airways. Vocabulary Check Fill in the blank with the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. 10. _____________________ is a constriction of the bronchioles that can be triggered by allergies, stress, or exposure to pollutants. 11. _____________________ is a protein that carries oxygen and has reddish color because it contains iron. 12. Smoking is the primary cause of a lung disorder called _____________________. Section 3: The Heart and Circulation Study Guide KEY CONCEPT The heart is a muscular pump that moves the blood through two pathways. VOCABULARY Atrium pacemaker Ventricle pulmonary circulation Valve systemic circulation MAIN IDEA: The tissues and structures of the heart make it an efficient pump. Fill in the blanks in the Pattern Notes below with the main chambers and valves of the heart. Use Figure 3.1 to help you. LEFT RIGHT 1. ___________ atrium 3. ___________ tricuspid valve 4. ___________ valve Heart structures 2. ___________ 5. ___________ pulmonary valve 6. ___________ valve Fill in the blank with the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. 7. There are two main reasons why the heart is such an efficient, self-regulating pump. First, cardiac _____________________ never gets tired. Second, the heart _____________________ prevent blood from flowing backward. 8. In the heartbeat cycle, the SA node stimulates the atria to contract, then the AV node causes the _____________________ to contract. Study Guide continued Number the following phrases to show the sequence of events that happens during a heartbeat cycle. 9. _________ Blood from the right ventricle is pumped into the pulmonary artery. _________ Blood from the left atrium is pumped into the left ventricle, and from there to the rest of the body. _________ Oxygen-poor blood moves into the lungs. _________ Oxygen-poor blood flows into the right atrium, then is pumped into the right ventricle. _________ Oxygen-rich blood moves from the lungs into the left atrium. MAIN IDEA: The heart pumps blood through two main pathways. Fill in the blank with the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. 10. The main functions of _____________________ circulation are to carry oxygen poor blood away from the heart into the lungs and bring oxygen-rich blood to the heart from the lungs. 11. The main functions of _____________________ circulation are to carry oxygen-rich blood to all parts of the body except the heart, and to carry oxygen-poor blood back to the heart. Vocabulary Check Fill in the blank with the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. 12. An atrium in a building is the first room or area that people enter before going into the rest of the building. Similarly, the atrium is the _____________________ chamber that blood enters when it moves into the heart from the body. 13. The SA node is called the heart’s _____________________ because it generates electrical signals that control the start of each heartbeat. Section 4: Blood Vessels and Transport Study Guide KEY CONCEPT The circulatory system transports materials throughout the body. VOCABULARY blood pressure diastolic pressure systolic pressure MAIN IDEA: Arteries, veins, and capillaries transport blood to all parts of the body. Fill in the blank with the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. 1. _____________________ carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart. 2. _____________________ carry oxygen-poor blood to the heart. 3. Unlike arteries and veins, capillaries contain no _____________________ or _____________________. 4. _____________________ are dense networks that form in areas of high metabolic activity, including lungs, kidneys, and liver. 5. When a doctor takes your blood pressure, he or she is measuring the force of _____________________ pushing against the wall of a(n) _____________________. 6. Pressure created when the left ventricle contracts is called _____________________. 7. Pressure created when the left ventricle relaxes is called _____________________. 8. Blood pressure increases if there are blockages in the artery, if the vessels have lost _____________________, or if the heart is weakened. 9. Permanent high blood pressure, called _____________________, can result in a heart attack or stroke. Study Guide continued MAIN IDEA: Lifestyle plays a key role in circulatory diseases. Complete the following Concept Web to show how lifestyle choices can affect circulatory health. Choose from the following terms: arteriosclerosis, angioplasty, atherosclerosis, bypass surgery, circulatory diseases. Hint: There are two correct terms for items 11 and 12. Poor diet, little exercise, smoking, high stress can lead to 12. 10. untreated can lead to lifestyle choices, medication 11. can be treated by Vocabulary Check Fill in the blank with the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. 13. The Greek word sustellein means “to contract.” The vocabulary term _____________________ refers to blood pressure during a ventricular contraction. 14. The Greek word diastellein means “to expand.” The vocabulary term _____________________ refers to blood pressure during a ventricular relaxation. Section 5: Blood Study Guide KEY CONCEPT Blood is a complex tissue that transports materials. VOCABULARY Platelet ABO blood group Plasma Rh factor white blood cells MAIN IDEA: Blood is composed mainly of cells, cell fragments, and plasma. Complete the following Concept Web for the components in blood. Whole blood is composed mainly of 2. 1. 3. plasma which is composed of waste products 90% water 5. 6. Dissolved molecules, including 4. such as immune proteins Study Guide continued Fill in the blank with the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. 7. _____________________ is a plasma protein that stabilizes blood volume and prevents blood from leaking out of blood vessels. 8. _____________________ is a plasma protein that contributes to the clotting of blood to stop bleeding after injury. 9. _____________________ fight infection and attack foreign materials that enter the body. MAIN IDEA: Platelets and different types of cells have different functions. Complete the chart below by filling in the names of the blood components. Blood Component Structure Functions 10. shaped like an inner tube with a solid center, contain hemoglobin, no nucleus or organelles carry oxygen to cells, carry carbon dioxide away from cells 11. various types, can enter lymphatic system and body tissues defend the body against infection, remove foreign material and dead cells 12. cell fragments help form clots to control bleeding Fill in the blank with the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. 13. A person’s _____________________ is determined by protein markers on the surface of red blood cells. 14. _____________________ that form inside blood vessels can lead to heart attack or stroke. Vocabulary Check Fill in the blank with the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. 15. The term ABO blood group stands for ______________________. 16. The suffix -let means “small.” The vocabulary term that includes this word part is _____________________. 17. _____________________ is the liquid that makes up about 55 percent of blood