Download Name______________________ Mr. Clark`s Chapter 4 World

Name______________________
Mr. Clark’s Chapter 4 World History Notes
Section 1: The Egyptian and Nubian Empires
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Egyptian civilization developed along the Nile River and united into a kingdom around
__________.
Less than 600 miles south, a major kingdom had developed in the region of _______.
For centuries, the Nubian kingdom of ________ traded with Egypt.
Nomadic Invaders Rule Egypt
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After prosperity of ________ _________, Egypt descended into war and violence.
Caused by a succession of weak _________ and power struggles among nobles.
Weakened country fell to invaders who swept across the Isthmus of Suez in
__________, a weapon unknown to Egyptians.
These invaders, called __________, ruled Egypt from 1640 to 1570 BC.
Hebrews Migrate to Egypt
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During Hyksos rule, the __________, settled in Egypt.
Hyksos encouraged Hebrews to settle there because they were __________ similar.
Egyptians resented prescence of Hyksos in their land, but were __________ to
________ them.
Expulsion and Slavery
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Warlike rulers began to restore Egypt’s power. One of these was Queen ___________.
Pharaoh ___________ won a great victory over the hated Hyksos. They drove them out
of Egypt
The ___________ remained in Egypt and were enslaved until the time of the Exodus.
The New Kingdom of Egypt
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After overthrowing the Hyksos, the pharaohs of the _____ _________ built an empire.
During this era, Egpyt was ___________ and more ____________ than ever before.
Equipped with __________ weapons and two wheel __________, the Egyptians became
______________.
Hatshepsut’s Prosperous Rule
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_____________, who declared herself ruler around 1472 BC, was unique.
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She took over because her stepson was just a ___________ at the time.
She spent her reign encouraging __________ rather than waging _________.
The trading expedition to the Land of __________ was particularly _____________.
She sent a fleet of ________ ships down the Red Sea in search of _________,
___________, and fragrant ___________ used for __________ ceremonies.
Her fleet also brought back ________, _________, and unusual plants and _________.
Thutmose the Empire Builder
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Hatshepsut’s stepson, _____________, proved to be a much more __________ ruler.
In his eagerness to get the throne, he may have even ___________ Hatshepsut.
Led a number of invasions into _____________ and ___________.
His armies also pushed into ___________, a region of Africa.
Egypt was now a mighty _________. It controlled lands around the _______ and
beyond.
Egypt had never before—nor has it since—commanded such ________ and _________
as during the reigns of the New Kingdom ____________.
The Egyptians and the Hittites
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The Egyptians conquest of parts of __________ and ___________ brought them into
conflict with the ____________.
After several smaller battles, the Egyptians and Hittites clashed at ____________
around 1285BC. The pharaoh _____________ and a Hittite ________ later made a
_________ that promised _________ and _______________ between them forever.
Their alliance lasted for the rest of the ______________.
An Age of Builders
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Like the rulers of the ______ Kingdom who built towering ___________, rulers of the
New Kingdom erected grand _____________.
For protection from grave robbers, they hid their splendid _________ beneath desert
_________.
Besides royal tombs, the ___________ of this period also built great __________ and
magnificent ___________.
___________ stood out among the great _____________ of the _______ ___________.
At ____________, he added to a monumental ___________ to _________ ___, Egypt’s
chief god.
He had temples decorated with enormous statues of ___________. The _____ of these
statues alone measured more than _________ feet.
The Empire Declines
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The empire that ______________ had built and _____________ had ruled slowly came
apart as other strong civilizations rose to ___________ Egypt’s _____________.
After ________ died, the entire eastern ________________ suffered a wave of _______
Both the __________ and __________ kingdom were attacked by invaders called the
_______ __________. They included the ______________. They caused great ________
The Egyptians faced other _________. In the east, the tribes of ____________ often
rebelled against their Egyptian ___________. In the west, the vast ___________ no
longer served as a ___________ against ___________ raids on villages.
Egypt’s Empire Fades
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Egypt never recovered its previous ____________. The empire broke apart into
_________ units. Smaller __________ arose and were eager to protect _____________.
Almost _____________, Egypt soon fell to its neighbors’ __________. ____________
crossed the desert to the Nile _________. They established independent ___________.
Instead of posing their own ___________, the ___________ adopted the Egyptian way
of life.
The Kushites Conquer the Nile Region
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For centuries, Egypt dominate Nubia and the Nubian Kingdom of _________, which
lasted for about a ___________ years. As Egypt fell into ____________during the
___________ period, Kush began to emerge as a regional ____________.
The People of Nubia
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Nubia lay south of __________ between the first _____________ of the Nile, an area of
churning __________. Despite several cataracts around which _________ had to be
_____________, the Nile provided the best North- South _________ route. Kush served
as a trade ____________. They linked Egypt and the Mediterranean world to the
interior of ______________.
The Interaction of Egypt and Nubia
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With Egypt’s ___________ during the New Kingdom, pharaohs forced Egyptian rule on
________. Egyptians strongly _________ the Nubians. Kush’s capital, _____________,
became center for the spread of Egyptian ____________.
Princes went to ____________. They learned the Egyptian _____________ and
worshipped Egyptian _________. They adopted ___________ style of upper class.
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With Egypt’s decline, Kush regained its ___________. Kushites viewed themselves as
more suitable ______________ of Egyptian values than the ____________. They sought
to guard these values by ________________ Egypt.
Piankhi Captures the Egyptian Throne
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In 751 BC, a Kushite king named ____________ overthrew the Libyan ____________.
He __________ the entire Nile Valey and became Egypt’s __________ dynasty.
Dynasty was ______________. In 671, the ____________, a war like people conquered
__________. Kushites retreated south along the ___________ where they would
experience a _________ ________.
The Golden Age of Meroe
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Kushite royal family moved to ____________. It lay closer to Red Sea than ___________
and became active in the flourishing __________ among Africa, Arabia, and _________.
Kush used ___________ ___________ around Meroe and thrived. Unlike ____________
cities along the Nile, Meroe had significant _____________. They also boated abundant
supplies of __________ _______. Meroe became a major center for the
______________ of iron __________ and __________.
Ambitious ____________ transported goods to the ________ Sea, where they
exchanged them for _____________ and _____________. As the _____________
wealth of the central Nile Valley flowed out of Meroe, _____________ goods flowed in.
The Decline of Meroe
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After ________ centuries of prosperity, __________ began to decline. __________,
another kingdom located to SE, _____________ to Meroe’s fall. With a ___________on
the Red Sea, Aksum came to _________ North African _________.
HOMEWORK
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Pg 94 #3-5 and #8
Section 2: The Assyrian Empire
Setting the Stage
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For more than two _____________, the __________ army advanced across SW Asia. It
overwhelmed foes with its ___________ strength.
A Mighty Military Machine
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Beginning around 850 BC, _____________ acquired a large __________. Accomplished
this by means of a highly advanced ______________organization and state of the art
___________. For a time, Assyria was the ___________ power in SW Asia
The Rise of a Warrior People
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The Assyrians came from the northern part of ________________. Their flat, _________
land made them easy for others to ___________. They developed their _____________
behavior in response to these ______________. Through constant ______________,
Assyrian kings built a huge ______________. One Assyrian king, _______________,
bragged that he destroyed 89_________ and 820 ____________, burned
_____________, and ordered its inhabitants ___________.
Military Organization and Conquest
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Assyria was a ____________ that glorified _____________ strength. Its soldiers were
well ___________ for _____________ an empire. Making use of the ________________
technology of the time, soldiers covered themselves in stiff _____________ and metal
__________. They wore __________ iron helmets, padded ________________, and
leather skirts layered with _________ scales. Their weapons were iron __________ and
iron-pointed __________.
Advance _____________ and technical _________ allowed Assyrians to lay ________ to
enemy cities. When deep _________ blocked them, engineers would span rivers with
_________. Before attacking, Assyrians _________ beneath the city’s ________ to
_____________ them. Foot soldiers would march ___________ to shoulder and shot
wave upon wave of ____________. Meanwhile, another group of troops hammered the
city’s _________ with massive iron tipped ___________ _________. When the gates
finally _____________, Assyrians showed no ___________. They _________ or
__________ their victims.
The Empire Expands
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The Kings of ___________ defeated Syria, Palestine, and _______________. Eventually,
the Assyrians ruled lands that extended far beyond the ___________ ____________
into Anatolia and ___________.
At its peak, Assyrian ____________ governed lands closest to Assyria as ___________
and made them dependent _____________. Assyrian ____________ controlled these
regions by choosing their ___________ or supporting kings who aligned themselves with
___________. This system of having local ____________ report to a central
___________ became fundamental system of government ______________.
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In addition _____________ campaigns added new ___________ to the empire. These
brought __________ and __________ to the treasury. If a conquered people refused to
_______, Assyrians destroyed their __________ and sent people into __________.
Assyrian Culture
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Some of Assyria’s most fearsome _____________ were also great _____________. King
Sennacherib, who had burned _____________, also established capital at
____________ along the ___________ River. It was the ______________ city of its day.
In the ruins, archaeologists found finely _________ sculptures. Two subjects particularly
fascinated the Assyrians: brutal ____________ campaigns and the _________ hunt.
Nineveh also held one of the ancient world’s largest _____________. King
_______________ collected more than 20,000 __________ tablets. It included the
ancient ___________ poem. The library was the _________ to have many of the
features of a ___________ library. The collection was ______________ into many
rooms according to ____________ matter. It was also _____________.
The Empire Crumbles
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Ashurbanipal proved to be one last of the might Assyrian ___________. The __________
displayed by the Assyrians had earned them many _____________. Shortly after
_____________ death, ___________ fell.
In 612 BC, a combined army of ___________ and ___________ and others burned and
leveled ___________. The clay writing ____________ in the library had been _________
in a pottery oven so they survived the ____________.
Rebirth of Babylon Under the Chaldeans
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After defeating the ___________, he Chaldeans made ____________ their capital.
Babylon became the center of a new ___________. A Chaldean king named
_________________ restored the city. The most impressive part was the __________
______________. Greek scholars listed them as one of the __________ wonders of the
ancient ___________. At night priests observed the _________ from the top of the
tower. Chaldean ______________ kept detailed records of how the _________ and
____________ seemed to change position in the night sky. They concluded that the sun,
_______, ___________, and five other planets belong to same __________ _________.
This formed the basis for both _____________ and ______________.
Nebuchadnezzar’s empire fell shortly after his ___________. The ___________ who
next came to power followed many of the same customs of the ______________.
HOMEWORK
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Pg. 98 #3-6
Section 3: The Persian Empire
The Rise of Persia
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The ______________ employed ____________ force to control a vast empire. In
contrast, the ____________ based theirs on ______________ and ______________.
They relied on a strong ____________ to back up their policies. Persia included modern
day __________.
Indo-Europeans first migrated from ____________ Europe and southern __________ to
the east of the ___________ crescent around 1000BC. In addition to ________
farmland, ancient Iran boasted a wealth of ____________. These included copper,
________, gold, ___________, and gleaming blue lapis lazuli. A thriving __________
helped them contact their neighbors in both directions. At first, dozens of tiny
____________ occupied the region. Eventually, _______ major powers emerged: the
___________ and the __________. In time, a remarkable __________ would lead
__________ to dominate _________.
Cyrus the Great Founds an Empire
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In 550B, ___________, Persia’s _________, began to conquer several neighboring
____________. Cyrus was a _____________ genius. In time, Cyrus controlled an
____________ that spanned 2,000 miles, from the __________ river in the east to
_____________ in the west. Cyrus’s most enduring legacy was his method of
_____________. His ____________ toward conquered peoples revealed a ________
and ____________ view of empire. Cyrus would not allow his generals to _________ or
_____________. He would honor local ___________ and ___________. He also allowed
the __________ to return to their homelands. Under Persian rule, the Jews rebuilt their
_________ and ____________. There were forever ______________ to Cyrus.
Cyrus was ___________ fighting _____________ nomadic invaders on the eastern
border of his empire.
Persian Rule
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The task of _______________ conquered territories fell to rulers who followed ______.
They succeeded by combing Persian ___________ with local ______-_____________.
When __________ died, his son ____________ expanded the empire by conquering
___________. The son __________ to follow his father’s wise example. He ___________
the Egyptian ____________. When Cambyses died, _____________ broke out across
the empire.
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Cambyses’s successor, ___________, had begun his career as a member of the king’s
_____________. An elite group of Persian soldiers, the _______ _________
__________, helped Darius seize the ___________ around 522 BC. He spent first three
years putting down ___________. He spent next few establishing a well-organized and
____________ administration.
Having brought __________ and stability to empire, he turned his attention to ______.
Darius’s only failure was his inability to conquer ______________.
Provinces and Satraps
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Although Darius was a great _____________, his real genius lay in _______________.
Darius divided his empire into 20 ________________. These provinces were roughly
similar to the ______________ of the different people. The people still practiced their
own ___________, spoke their own ________________, and followed many of their
own ___________. This administrative policy of many groups—sometimes called
“______________”—living by own laws within one empire was _____________
practiced in SW Asia. Although tolerant, Darius still ruled with _____________ power. In
each province he installed a governor called a __________ who ruled locally. He also
appointed a __________ leader and a _______ collector.
Two other ________ helped Darius hold together his __________. An excellent system
of __________ allowed Darius to communicate quickly. The famous _______ _________
ran from Susa in Persia to ________ in _____________. Darius borrowed the second
tool, ___________ metal __________, for the Lydians. For the first time, ________ of a
standard _________ circulated throughout and extended empire. People no longer had
to ________ and measure odd pieces of gold or silver to pay for things. The network
_________ and the wide use of standardized _______ promoted _______, which helped
hold together the ___________.
The Persian Legacy
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During the time a question arose: Why should so much ______________ and chaos exist
in the world? A prophet named _______________ offered an answer.
He taught that the earth is a ______________ where a great struggle is fought between
the spirit of __________ and the spirit of _________. Each person is expected to take
part in the ___________.
Teaches that the god ________ ___________ will judge everyone according to how well
he or she fought the battle for ___________. Traces of Zoroastrianism—such as the
concept of ___________ and a belief in _________--can be found in Judaism,
_____________, and Islam.
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Through their _____________ and good government, the Persians brought political
_________ to SW Asia. They ___________ ideas from earlier ______________ and
found new ways to live and rule. Their respect for other cultures helped to
_____________ those cultures for the future. The powerful dynasty __________
established in Persia lasted 200 years and grew into a huge __________.
HOMEWORK
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Pg 103 #3-5 and #7
Section 4: The Unification of China
Confucius and the Social Order
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Toward the end of the __________ dynasty, China moved away from its ancient values
of social __________, ___________, and __________ for authority. Chinese scholars
and _____________ developed different solutions to restore these values.
China’s most influential scholar was ______________. He lived in a time when the
______ dynasty was in decline. He led a scholarly life, studying and teaching
__________, music and __________ character. He was born in a time of crisis and
__________ in China. He believed that social __________, harmony, and good
_____________ could be restored in China if society were organized around ____ basic
relationships. They are _________ and subject, father and _________, husband and
_________, older brother and younger _________, and friend and __________. A code
of proper __________ regulated each of these. For example, rulers should practice
__________ and virtuous living. In return, subjects should be _______ and law-abiding.
_________ of his five relationships were based upon the __________. Children should
practice __________ _________, or respect for their __________ and ancestors. To him,
it meant devoting oneself to one’s ____________ during their lifetime. It also required
honoring their ____________ after __________. He wanted to _________ Chinese
society by showing rulers how to govern __________. Impressed by his wisdom, the
duke of _____ appointed him minister of ______________. According to legend,
_________ vanished almost overnight.
Confucius spent remainder of his life ______________. His works were collected in a
book called the ______________.
Confucian Ideas about Government
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Confucius said that _____________ could transform a humbly born person into a
______________. He laid the groundwork for _______________, a trained civil
__________, or those who run the _____________. _______________ became very
important to ____________ advancement in the bureaucracy. Confucianism was never
a ____________, but it was an _____________ system, a system based on accepted
principles of __________ and wrong. It became the _____________ for Chinese
government and social __________.
Other Ethical Systems
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Other scholars and philosophers developed __________ systems. Some stressed the
importance of _____, others, the power of the ____________.
A Chinese thinker named ___________ believed only the natural _________ was
important. The natural order involves ____________ among all ___________ things. He
said a _____________ force called the ________, meaning “the Way”, guides all
__________. According to him, of all the creatures of __________, only _________ fail
to ____________ the Dao. They __________ about questions of right and wrong, good
___________ or bad. Such arguments are ___________.
The philosophy of Laozi came to be known as ____________. Its search for __________
and understanding of __________ led Daoism’s followers to pursue ____________
studies. Daoists made many important contributions to sciences of alchemy,
___________, and medicine.
Legalists Urge Harsh Rule
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There was also a group of ______________ thinkers called the ____________. They
believed that a highly ___________ and _______________ government was key to
restoring order in society. Government should use the ________ to end civil
____________ and restore ___________. Hanfeizi and ____ ____ were among founders
of ______________.
The Legalists taught that a __________ should provide rich __________ for people who
carried out their duties well. Likewise, the ______________ should be _____________.
They stressed _______________ more than __________. They believed in controlling
ideas as well as _________. They suggested that a ruler _________ all writings that
might encourage people to ____________ the government.
I Ching and Yin and Yang
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Others found answers to life’s _____________ elsewhere. Some consulted a book of
oracles call ___ __________ to solve ethical or ______________ problems. Readers
used the book by throwing a set of __________, interpreting the __________, and then
reading the appropriate _________, or _____________. It helped people lead a
_________ life by offering good __________ and simple __________ sense.
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Others turned to the ideas of ancient thinkers, such as the concept of _______ and
_________ ---two powers that together represented the __________ rhythms of
________. _________ represents all that is cold, _________, soft, and mysterious. Yang
is the opposite---warm, ___________, hard, and clear. The symbol of yin and yang is a
___________ divided into __________. The circle represents the ____________ of yin
and yang. Both forces represent the rhythm of the ____________ and complement each
other.
The Qin Dynasty Unifies China
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In the 3rd century BC, the _______ Dynasty replaced the Zhou Dynasty. It emerged from
the western state of ______. The ruler who founded the Qin Dynasty employed
_________ ideas to subdue the ___________ states and ___________ his country
The Qin ruler assumed the name _______ ______________ which means “First
Emperor.” The new emperor had begun his reign by halting the __________ battles that
had sapped China’s strength. Then he turned his attention to defeating ____________
and crushing resistance within China to his rule. Shi Huangdi’s armies attacked the
invader north of the ________ _____ and south as far as what is now ____________. He
was determined to unify ____________. He acted decisively to crush ___________
opposition at home. To do this, he ordered all the __________ families to live in the
capital city under his _____________ gaze. Seizing their ____________, the emperor
carved China into 36 administrative ___________. He sent Qin officials to ___________
them.
To prevent criticism, Shi Huangdi had hundreds of Confucian scholars _____________.
They also ordered “___________” books to be burned. They did spare ____________
books about medicine and farming. They established an ________________, a
government that has ______________ power and uses it an arbitrary manner.
A Program of Centralization
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His sweeping program of centralization included the building of a ___________ network
of more than 4,000 miles. He set the same standards throughout China for writing, law,
currency, and weights and ________________. Irrigation projects increased __________
production. Trade _______________, thanks to the new road system. Trade pushed a
new class of _____________ into prominence. Despite these social advances, harsh
_____ and repressive government mad the Qin regime ______________. Shi Huangdi
had unified China at the expense of human ____________.
Scholars hated him for his __________ burning. Poor people hated him because they
were forced to work on the building of a huge ______________ wall. Zhou rulers had
erected ____________ walls to discourage attacks, but Shi was determined to close the
_________ and extend the ___________ almost the length of the empire’s ________.
The Great ____________ of __________ arose on the backs of hundreds of thousands
of ___________. The wall builders worked neither for _____________ nor for love of
____________. They faced a terrible choice: work on the wall or __________.
The Fall of the Qin
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The Qin Dynasty lasted a ___________ time. Though fully as __________ as his father,
Shi Huangdi’s son proved less ___________. Peasants ________________ just 3 years
after the second ___________ emperor took office. The harsh Qin Dynasty gave way to
the __________ Dynasty, one of the longest in ______________ history.
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