Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
• CMOS https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html MOSFET - CMOS circuits Digital and analog CMOS applications are described below. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html MOSFET - Dual-type (CMOS) MOSFET switch 1 This "complementary" or CMOS type of switch uses one P-MOS and one NMOS FET to counteract the limitations of the single-type switch https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html MOSFET - Dual-type (CMOS) MOSFET switch The voltage limits for this switch are the gate–source, gate–drain and source–drain voltage limits for both FETs. Also, the P-MOS is typically two to three times wider than the N-MOS, so the switch will be balanced for speed in the two directions. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html MOSFET - Dual-type (CMOS) MOSFET switch Tri-state circuitry sometimes incorporates a CMOS MOSFET switch on its output to provide for a lowohmic, full-range output when on, and a high-ohmic, mid-level signal when off. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Moore's law - Continuing Moore's law in the beyond-CMOS era While physical limits to transistor scaling such as source to drain leakage, limited materials for gate metals, and limited material options for channel material have been reached, new avenues for continued scaling are open 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Motorola 68000 - CMOS versions 1 (Unlike CMOS circuits, HMOS still draws power when idle, so power consumption varies little with clock rate.) Apple selected the 68HC000 for use in the Macintosh Portable. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Motorola 68000 - CMOS versions 1 Motorola replaced the MC68008 with the MC68HC001 in 1990. This chip resembled the 68HC000 in most respects, but its data bus could operate in either 16-bit or 8-bit mode, depending on the value of an input pin at reset. Thus, like the 68008, it could be used in systems with cheaper 8-bit memories. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Motorola 68000 - CMOS versions 1 The later evolution of the 68000 focused on more modern embedded control applications and on-chip peripherals. The 68EC000 chip and SCM68000 core expanded the address bus to 32 bits, removed the M6800 peripheral bus, and excluded the MOVE from SR instruction from user mode programs. In 1996, Motorola updated the standalone core with fully static circuitry drawing only 2 µW in low-power mode, calling it the MC68SEC000. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Motorola 68000 - CMOS versions 1 Motorola ceased production of the HMOS MC68000 and MC68008 in 1996, but its spin-off company, Freescale Semiconductor, is still producing the MC68HC000, MC68HC001, MC68EC000, and MC68SEC000, as well as the MC68302 and MC68306 microcontrollers and later versions of the DragonBall family. The 68000's architectural descendants, the 680x0, CPU32, and Coldfire families, are also still in production. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html MOSFET - Dual-type (CMOS) MOSFET switch This complementary or CMOS type of switch uses one P-MOS and one N-MOS FET to counteract the limitations of the single-type switch 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html MOSFET - Dual-type (CMOS) MOSFET switch Three-state logic|Tri-state circuitry sometimes incorporates a CMOS MOSFET switch on its output to provide for a low-ohmic, full-range output when on, and a high-ohmic, mid-level signal when off. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html CMOS Frank Wanlass patented CMOS in 1963 (wikisource:United States patent 3356858|US patent 3,356,858). 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html CMOS 1 CMOS is also sometimes referred to as 'complementary-symmetry metal–oxide– semiconductor' (or COS-MOS).COS-MOS was an RCA trademark, which forced other manufacturers to find another name —CMOS https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html CMOS 1 The words complementary-symmetry refer to the fact that the typical digital design style with CMOS uses complementary and symmetrical pairs of p-type semiconductor|p-type and n-type semiconductor|n-type metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs) for logic functions. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html CMOS 1 It was primarily for this reason that CMOS became the most used technology to be implemented in VLSI chips. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html CMOS Other metal gates have made a comeback with the advent of high-k dielectric materials in the CMOS process, as announced by IBM and Intel for the 45 nanometre node and beyond.[ http://www.intel.com/technology/45n m/index.htm Intel 45nm Hi-k Silicon Technology] 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html CMOS - Technical details CMOS refers to both a particular style of digital circuitry design and the family of processes used to implement that circuitry on integrated circuits (chips). CMOS circuitry dissipates Low-power electronics|less power than logic families with resistive loads. Since this advantage has increased and grown more important, CMOS processes and variants have come to dominate, thus the vast majority of modern integrated circuit manufacturing is on CMOS processes. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html CMOS - Technical details As of 2010, CPUs with the best performance per watt each year have been CMOS Static logic (digital logic)|static logic since 1976. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html CMOS - Technical details CMOS circuits use a combination of pchannel and n-channel MOSFET|metal– oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) to implement logic gates. Although CMOS logic can be implemented with discrete devices for demonstrations, commercial CMOS products are integrated circuits composed of up to millions of transistors of both types on a rectangular piece of silicon of between 10 and 400mm2. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html CMOS - Inversion CMOS accomplishes current reduction by complementing every nMOSFET with a pMOSFET and connecting both gates and both drains together 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html CMOS - Inversion The image on the right shows what happens when an input is connected to both a PMOS transistor (top of diagram) and an NMOS transistor (bottom of diagram) 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html CMOS - Inversion 1 On the other hand, when the voltage of input A is high, the PMOS transistor is in an OFF (high resistance) state so it would limit the current flowing from the positive supply to the output, while the NMOS transistor is in an ON (low resistance) state, allowing the output from drain to ground. Because the resistance between Q and ground is low, the voltage drop due to a current drawn into Q placing Q above ground is small. This low drop results in the output registering a low voltage. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html CMOS - Inversion 1 In short, the outputs of the PMOS and NMOS transistors are complementary such that when the input is low, the output is high, and when the input is high, the output is low. Because of this behaviour of input and output, the CMOS circuits' output is the inverse of the input. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html CMOS - Inversion The power supplies for CMOS are called VDD and VSS, or VCC and Ground(GND) depending on the manufacturer. VDD and VSS are carryovers from conventional MOS circuits and stand for the drain and source supplies.http://www.fairchildsemi.com/an/AN/ AN-77.pdf These do not apply directly to CMOS since both supplies are really source supplies. VCC and Ground are carryovers from TTL logic and that nomenclature has been retained with the introduction of the 54C/74C line of CMOS. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html CMOS - Duality 1 A CMOS circuit is created to allow a path always to exist from the output to either the power source or ground https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html CMOS - Logic 1 More complex logic functions such as those involving Binary and|AND and Logical disjunction|OR gates require manipulating the paths between gates to represent the logic. When a path consists of two transistors in series, both transistors must have low resistance to the corresponding supply voltage, modelling an AND. When a path consists of two https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html CMOS - Logic 1 Shown on the right is a circuit diagram of a NAND gate in CMOS logic https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html CMOS - Logic 1 An advantage of CMOS over NMOS is that both low-to-high and high-to-low output transitions are fast since the pull-up transistors have low resistance when switched on, unlike the load resistors in NMOS logic. In addition, the output signal swings the full voltage between the low and high rails. This strong, more nearly symmetric response also makes https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html CMOS - Logic 1 See Logical effort for a method of calculating delay in a CMOS circuit. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html CMOS - Example: NAND gate in physical layout This example shows a Logical NAND|NAND logic device drawn as a physical representation as it would be manufactured 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html CMOS - Example: NAND gate in physical layout The CMOS transistors (devices) are formed by the intersection of the polysilicon and diffusion; N diffusion for the N device P diffusion for the P device (illustrated in salmon and yellow coloring respectively) 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html CMOS - Example: NAND gate in physical layout 1 The N device is manufactured on a P-type substrate while the P device is manufactured in an N-type well (n-well). A P-type substrate tap is connected to VSS and an N-type n-well tap is connected to VDD to prevent latchup. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html CMOS - Power: switching and leakage 1 CMOS logic dissipates less power than NMOS logic circuits because CMOS dissipates power only when switching (dynamic power). On a typical applicationspecific integrated circuit|ASIC in a modern 90 nanometer process, switching the output might take 120 picoseconds, and happens once every ten nanoseconds. NMOS logic dissipates power whenever the transistor is on, https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html CMOS - Power: switching and leakage Static CMOS gates are very power efficient because they dissipate nearly zero power when idle. Earlier, the power consumption of CMOS devices was not the major concern while designing chips. Factors like speed and area dominated the design parameters. As the CMOS technology moved below sub-micron levels the power consumption per unit area of 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html CMOS - Power: switching and leakage 1 Broadly classifying, power dissipation in CMOS circuits occurs because of two components: https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html CMOS - Static dissipation * 'Sub threshold conduction when the transistors are off.' 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html CMOS - Static dissipation 1 Both NMOS and PMOS transistors have a gate–source threshold voltage, below which the current (called sub threshold current) through the device drops exponentially. Historically, CMOS designs operated at supply voltages much larger than their threshold voltages (Vdd might have been 5V, and Vth for both NMOS and PMOS might have been 700mV). A special type of the CMOS transistor with near zero https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html CMOS - Static dissipation 1 * 'Tunnelling current through gate oxide.' https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html CMOS - Static dissipation 1 SiO2 is a very good insulator, but at very small thickness levels electrons can tunnel across the very thin insulation; the probability drops off exponentially with oxide thickness. Tunnelling current becomes very important for transistors below 130nm technology with gate oxides of 20Å or thinner. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html CMOS - Static dissipation 1 * 'Leakage current through reverse biased diodes.' https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html CMOS - Static dissipation 1 Small reverse leakage currents are formed due to formation of reverse bias between diffusion regions and wells (for e.g., p-type diffusion vs. nwell), wells and substrate (for e.g., nwell vs. p-substrate). In modern process diode leakage is very small compared to sub threshold and tunnelling currents, so these may be neglected during power calculations. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html CMOS - Static dissipation 1 * 'Contention current in ratioed circuit' https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html CMOS - Dynamic Dissipation 1 Multiply by the switching frequency on the load capacitances to get the current used, and multiply by voltage again to get the characteristic switching power dissipated by a CMOS device: P = C V^2 f . https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html CMOS - Dynamic Dissipation 1 A clock in a system has an activity factor α=1, since it rises and falls every cycle https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html CMOS - Dynamic Dissipation 1 * 'Short circuit power dissipation' https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html CMOS - Dynamic Dissipation 1 Since there is a finite rise/fall time for both pMOS and nMOS, during transition, for example, from off to on, both the transistors will be on for a small period of time in which current will find a path directly from VDD to ground, hence creating a short circuit current. Short circuit power dissipation increases with rise and fall time of the transistors. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html CMOS - Dynamic Dissipation 1 CMOS gates at the end of those resistive wires see slow input transitions https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html CMOS - Dynamic Dissipation 1 Leakage power reduction using new material and system designs is critical to sustaining scaling of CMOS.A good overview of leakage and reduction methods are explained in the book [http://www.springer.com/engineeri ng/circuits+%26+systems/book/9780-387-25737-2 Leakage in Nanometer CMOS Technologies] ISBN 0-387https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html CMOS - Analog CMOS Besides digital applications, CMOS technology is also used in Analogue electronics|analog applications. For example, there are CMOS operational amplifier ICs available in the market. Transmission gates may be used instead of signal relays. CMOS technology is also widely used for radio frequency|RF circuits all the way to microwave frequencies, in mixedsignal integrated circuit|mixed-signal (analog+digital) applications. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html CMOS - Temperature range 1 Conventional CMOS devices work over a range of −55°C to +125°C. There were theoretical indications as early as August 2008 that silicon CMOS will work down to −233°C (40kelvin|K).Edwards C, Temperature control, Engineering Technology Magazine 26 July - 8 August 2008, Institution of Engineering and Technology|IET Functioning https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html CMOS - Single-electron CMOS transistors 1 Ultra small (L = 20nm, W = 20nm) CMOS transistors achieve the single-electron limit when operated at cryogenic temperature over a range of −269°C (4kelvin|K) to about −258°C (15kelvin|K). The transistor displays Coulomb blockade due to progressive charging of electrons one by one. The number of electrons confined in the channel is driven by the gate voltage, starting from an occupation of zero electrons, and it can be set to 1 or many. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Image sensor - CCD vs CMOS 1 Today, most digital still cameras use either a CCD image sensor or a CMOS sensor. Both types of sensor accomplish the same task of capturing light and converting it into electrical signals. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Image sensor - CCD vs CMOS Each cell of a Charge-coupled device|CCD image sensor is an analog device. When light strikes the chip it is held as a small electrical charge in each photo sensor. The charges are converted to voltage one pixel at a time as they are read from the chip. Additional circuitry in the camera converts the voltage into digital information. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Image sensor - CCD vs CMOS A CMOS imaging chip is a type of active pixel sensor made using the CMOS semiconductor process. Extra circuitry next to each photo sensor converts the light energy to a voltage. Additional circuitry on the chip may be included to convert the voltage to digital data. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Image sensor - CCD vs CMOS 1 Neither technology has a clear advantage in image quality. On one hand, CCD sensors are more susceptible to vertical smear from bright light sources when the sensor is overloaded; high-end CMOS sensors in turn do not suffer from this problem. On the other hand, cheaper CMOS sensors are susceptible to undesired effects that come as a result of rolling shutter. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Image sensor - CCD vs CMOS 1 CCD is a more mature technology and is in most respects the equal of CMOS.[http://www.dalsa.com/public /corp/Photonics_Spectra_CCDvsCMO S_Litwiller.pdf dalsa.com - CCD vs CMOS] from Photonics Spectra 2001[http://www.dpreview.com/learn /?/Glossary/Camera_System/sensors _01.htm dpreview.com - Sensors] By Vincent Bockaert CMOS sensors are https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Image sensor - CCD vs CMOS 1 Rao et al., CCD structures implemented in standard 0.18 µm CMOS technology https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Active pixel sensor - Advantages of CMOS compared to CCD 1 The biggest advantage of a CMOS sensor is that it is typically less expensive than a CCD sensor. A CMOS camera also has weaker blooming effects if a light source has overloaded the sensitivity of the sensor, causing the sensor to bleed the light source onto other pixels. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Active pixel sensor - Disadvantages of CMOS compared to CCD 1 Since a CMOS video sensor typically captures a row at time within approximately 1/60th or 1/50th of a second (depending on refresh rate) it may result in a rolling shutter effect, where the image is skewed (tilted to the left or right, depending on the direction of camera or subject movement) https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html High-speed photography - CMOS 1 The image quality and quantum efficiency of CCD devices is still marginally superior to CMOS. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html High-speed photography - CMOS 1 IMEC later spun the research group off as FillFactory, which was later purchased by Cypress Semiconductor and sold again to ON Semiconductor, while key staff went on to create CMOSIS and Caeleste https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html High-speed photography - CMOS Subsequently, several camera manufacturers compete in the high-speed digital video market, including AOS Technologies, Fastec Imaging, Mega Speed Corp, NAC, Olympus, Photron, Redlake, Vision Research, and IDT, with sensors developed by Photobit, Cypress, CMOSIS, and in-house designers. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html High-speed photography - CMOS In addition to those science and engineering types of cameras, an entire industry has been built up around industrial machine vision systems and requirements. The major application has been for high-speed manufacturing. A system typically consists of a camera, a frame grabber, a processor, and communications and recording systems to document or control the manufacturing 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Latchup - CMOS latchup 1 In CMOS processes, these transistors can create problems when the combination of n-well/p-well and substrate results in the formation of parasitic n-p-n-p structures https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Latchup - CMOS latchup Consider the n-well structure in the first figure. The n-p-n-p structure is formed by the source of the NMOS, the p-substrate, the n-well and the source of the PMOS. A circuit equivalent is also shown. When one of the two bipolar transistors gets forward biased (due to current flowing through the well, or substrate), it feeds the base of the other transistor. This positive feedback increases the current until the circuit fails 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html CMOST 1 The 'Rensselaer Technology Park' is a technology park in North Greenbush, New York, USA (though with a mailing address in Troy, New York|Troy) operated by Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. As of 2009 the park has over 70 tenants representing a diverse range of technologies and employing over 2,400. The park is located along the Hudson River approximately five miles south of the RPI campus. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html CMOST - DeFreest Homestead 1 The DeFreest Homestead is historic house and barn which was built around 1765 and located near the entrance of the park. The house and surrounding homestead were listed on The National Register of Historic Places in 1977. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html CMOS sensor 1 Such an image sensor is produced by a CMOS (and is hence also known as a 'CMOS sensor') or NMOS logic|NMOS process (branded Live MOS), and has emerged as an alternative to chargecoupled device (CCD) image sensors. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html CMOS sensor 1 The term active pixel sensor is also used to refer to the individual pixel sensor itself, as opposed to the image sensor;Alexander G https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html CMOS sensor - History 1 The term active pixel sensor was coined by Tsutomu Nakamura who worked on the Charge Modulation Device active pixel sensor at Olympus,Kazuya Matsumoto et al., A new MOS phototransistor operating in a non-destructive readout mode [http://jjap.ipap.jp/link?JJAP/24/L323/ Jpn https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html CMOS sensor - History in 1969, at a time when [http://www.siliconimaging.com/cmos_fund amentals.htm passive-pixel sensors] – that is, pixel sensors without their own amplifiers – were being investigated as a solid-state alternative to camera tube|vacuum-tube imaging devices 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html CMOS sensor - History 1 Another type of active pixel sensor is the hybrid infrared focal plane array (IRFPA) designed to operate at cryogenic temperatures in the infrared spectrum. The devices are two chips that are put together like a sandwich: one chip contains detector elements made in InGaAs or HgCdTe, and the other chip is typically made of silicon and is used to readout the photodetectors. The exact date of origin of https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html CMOS sensor - History By the late 1980s and early 1990s, the CMOS process was well established as a well controlled stable process and was the baseline process for almost all logic and microprocessors 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html CMOS sensor - History Eric Fossum, et al., invented the image sensor that used intra-pixel charge transfer along with an in-pixel amplifier to achieve true correlated double sampling (CDS) and low temporal noise operation, and on-chip circuits for fixed-pattern noise reduction, and published the first extensive article predicting the emergence of APS imagers as the commercial successor of CCDs 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html CMOS sensor - History Most recent, the CMOS sensor technology has spread to medium format photography with Phase One (company) being the first to launch a medium format digital back with a Sony-built CMOS sensor. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html CMOS sensor - Comparison to CCDs 1 CMOS type sensors are widely used, from high-end digital photography down to mobile-phone cameras. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html CMOS sensor - Pixel 1 The standard CMOS APS pixel today consists of a photodetector (a pinned photodiode), a floating diffusion, a transfer gate, reset gate, selection gate and source-follower readout transistor—the so-called 4T cell https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html CMOS sensor - APS using TFTs 1 However, because of the larger size and lower transconductance gain of TFTs compared to CMOS transistors, it is necessary to have fewer on-pixel TFTs to maintain image resolution and quality at an acceptable level https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html CMOS sensor - Array 1 A typical two-dimensional array of pixels is organized into rows and columns. Pixels in a given row share reset lines, so that a whole row is reset at a time. The row select lines of each pixel in a row are tied together as well. The outputs of each pixel in any given column are tied together. Since only one row is selected at a given time, no competition for the output line occurs. Further amplifier circuitry is https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html CMOS sensor - Size 1 The size of the pixel sensor is often given in height and width, but also in the optical format. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html CMOS sensor - Design variants 1 Many different pixel designs have been proposed and fabricated https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html CMOS sensor - Hard reset 1 Operating the pixel via hard reset results in a Johnson–Nyquist noise on the photodiode of V_n^2= kT/C or N_e= \frac, but prevents image lag, sometimes a desirable tradeoff https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html CMOS sensor - Combinations of hard and soft reset 1 Techniques such as flushed reset, pseudo-flash reset, and hard-to-soft reset combine soft and hard reset https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html CMOS sensor - Active reset 1 A more radical pixel design is the activereset pixel. Active reset can result in much lower noise levels. The tradeoff is a complicated reset scheme, as well as either a much larger pixel or extra columnlevel circuitry. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html 68000 - CMOS versions 1 (Unlike CMOS circuits, HMOS still draws power when idle, so power consumption varies little with clock rate.) Apple selected the 68HC000 for use in the Macintosh Portable. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html 68000 - CMOS versions 1 Motorola replaced the MC68008 with the MC68HC001 in 1990.[http://www.highbeam.com/doc /1G1-8581526.html 68HC001 obsoletes 68008.], Microprocessor Report, June 20, 1990; available from HighBeam Research (subscription). This chip resembled the 68HC000 in most respects, but its data bus could operate in either 16-bit or 8-bit mode, https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html 68000 - CMOS versions 1 The later evolution of the 68000 focused on more modern embedded control applications and on-chip peripherals https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html 68000 - CMOS versions Motorola ceased production of the HMOS MC68000 and MC68008 in 1996,[http://groups.google.com/group/c omp.sys.m68k/browse_frm/thread/ab9a 8520ee794d85/cedb5e4f449f346c comp.sys.m68k Usenet posting], May 16, 1995; also see other posts in thread 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Nonvolatile BIOS memory - CMOS mismatch 1 CMOS mismatch errors typically occur if the computer's power-on self-test program:http://www.pcguide.com/ts/x/sys/ booterrGBER25c.htmlhttp://www.computerhope.com/issue s/ch000385.htm https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Nonvolatile BIOS memory - CMOS battery Some computer designs have used non-button cell batteries, such as the cylindrical List of battery sizes#1.2F2AA|1/2 AA used in the Power Mac G4 as well as some older IBM PC compatibles, or a 3-cell NiCd CMOS battery that looks like a barrel (common in Amigas and older IBM PC compatibles), which serves the same purpose. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Nonvolatile BIOS memory - Resetting the CMOS settings 1 If the machine lets one boot but does not want to let the user into the BIOS setup, one possible recovery is to deliberately damage the CMOS checksum by doing direct port writes using DEBUG (DOS Command)|DOS debug.exe, corrupting some bytes of the checksum-protected area of the CMOS RAM; at the next boot, the computer typically resets its setting to factory defaults. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Nonvolatile BIOS memory - Resetting the CMOS settings 1 That will write to CMOS (Offset 10h) with the value 0AAh. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Back-illuminated sensor - Stacked CMOS In January 2012, Sony developed the back-side illuminated sensor further with Stacked CMOS, where the supporting circuitry is moved below the active pixel section, giving another 30% improvement to light capturing capability.http://www.sony.net/Products /SCHP/cx_news/vol68/pdf/sideview_vol68.p df This was commercialized by Sony in August 2012 as Exmor RS with resolutions of 13 and 8 effective megapixels.http://www.sony.net/SonyIn fo/News/Press/201208/121 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html CMOS image sensor - Disadvantages of CMOS compared to CCD 1 Since a CMOS video sensor typically captures a row at a time within approximately 1/60th or 1/50th of a second (depending on refresh rate) it may result in a rolling shutter effect, where the image is skewed (tilted to the left or right, depending on the direction of camera or subject movement) https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html CMOS image sensor - Pixel 1 The standard CMOS APS pixel today consists of a photodetector (a pinned photodiode,A review of the pinned photodiode for CCD and CMOS image sensors, IEEE J https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Camera sensor - CCD vs CMOS The newer sensor technology is Backilluminated sensor|Back-side illuminated CMOS (BSI-CMOS) which uses less electricity than traditional CMOS with better performance than CCD, so lower end cameras still use CCD sensors such as those implemented by Fujifilm in its Bridge camera#Examples of bridge cameras|Bridge cameras. CCD sensors are rarely used in new models, except for very high pixel count, big sensor cameras which still use CCDs. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Multi-threshold CMOS 1 'Multi-threshold CMOS' (MTCMOS) is a variation of CMOS Integrated circuit|chip technology which has transistors with multiple threshold voltages (Vth) in order to optimize delay or power https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Multi-threshold CMOS One method of creating devices with multiple threshold voltages is to apply different bias voltages (Vb) to the base or bulk terminal of the transistors. Other methods involve adjusting the gate oxide thickness, gate oxide dielectric constant (material type), or dopant concentration in the channel region beneath the gate oxide. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Multi-threshold CMOS A common method of fabricating multi-threshold CMOS involves simply adding additional photolithography and ion implantation steps 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Multi-threshold CMOS In principle, any number of threshold voltage transistors can be produced. For CMOS having two threshold voltages, one additional photomasking and implantation step is required for each of p-MOSFET and n-MOSFET. For fabrication of normal, low, and high Vth CMOS, four additional steps are required relative to conventional single-Vth CMOS. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Multi-threshold CMOS - Implementation The most common implementation of MTCMOS for reducing Electric power|power makes use of sleep transistors. Logic is supplied by a virtual Power supply rail|power rail. Low Vth devices are used in the logic where fast switching speed is important. High Vth devices connecting the power rails and virtual power rails are turned on in active mode, off in sleep mode. High Vth devices 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Multi-threshold CMOS - Implementation The design of the power switch which turns on and off the power supply to the logic gates is essential to low-voltage, high-speed Electrical network|circuit techniques such as MTCMOS. The speed, area, and power of a logic circuit are influenced by the characteristics of the power switch. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Multi-threshold CMOS - Implementation 1 In a coarse-grained approach, high Vth sleep transistors gate the power to entire logic blocks. The sleep signal is deasserted during active mode, causing the transistor to turn on and provide virtual power (ground) to the low Vth logic. The sleep signal is asserted during sleep mode, causing the transistor to turn off and disconnect power (ground) from the low Vth logic. The drawbacks of this https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Multi-threshold CMOS - Implementation 1 * logic blocks must be partitioned to determine when a block may be safely turned off (on) https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Multi-threshold CMOS - Implementation 1 * sleep transistors are large and must be carefully sized to supply the current required by the circuit block https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Multi-threshold CMOS - Implementation 1 * an always active (never in sleep mode) power management circuit must be added https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Multi-threshold CMOS - Implementation In a fine-grained approach, high Vth sleep transistors are incorporated within every gate 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Multi-threshold CMOS - Implementation 1 Some art is required to implement MTCMOS without causing glitches or other problems. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html CMOS 4000 series 1 Milestones That Mattered: CMOS pioneer developed a precursor to the processor EDN, 6/22/2006] Almost all IC manufacturers active during the era fabricated chips from this series https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html CMOS 4000 series 1 Eventually, the advantages of CMOS (especially the later series such as 74HC) edged out the older TTL chips, but at the same time ever increasing Large Scale Integration|LSI techniques edged out the modular chip approach to design https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html CMOS 4000 series 1 The series was extended in the late 1970s and 1980s to include new types which implemented new functions, or were better versions of existing chips in the 4000 series. Most of these newer chips were given 45xx and 45xxx designations, but are usually still regarded by engineers as part of the 4000 series. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html CMOS 4000 series 1 In the 1990s, some manufacturers (e.g. Texas Instruments) ported the 4000 series to their newer HCMOS technology with devices such as the 74HCT4060 providing equivalent functionality to a 4060 IC but with greater speed. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html CMOS 4000 series 1 The 4000 series integrated circuits have been used in space satellites for many decades. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html CMOS 4000 series [http://magnetometer.com/wpcontent/uploads/attitude-controlmagnetometer.pdf Attitude control magnetometer] 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html CMOS 4000 series 1 [http://www.gag.com/~bdale/talks/2002/thi nk/amsat/Sources/smallsat.pdf AO-40 RUDAK Experiment Controller] https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html CMOS 4000 series - Design considerations 1 CMOS Cookbook, ISBN 0-672-21398-2 The buffered devices are more susceptible to output oscillation with slow-changing inputs https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html CMOS 4000 series - Design considerations 1 Although the original designation for unbuffered and buffered parts was the addition of an 'A' or 'B' suffix to the part code (e.g.: 4000A = unbuffered, 4000B = buffered), some manufacturers (e.g.: Texas Instruments) later changed to using UB (unbuffered) and B (buffered) suffixes (e.g.: 4000UB and 4000B). https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html CMOS 4000 series - Design considerations The diagrams below show the construction differences between a simple buffered and unbuffered CMOS NOR gate|NOR logic gate 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html CMOS 4000 series - Design considerations The 4000 series permits the use of cookbook design, where standard circuit elements can be created, shared, and connected to other circuits with few, if any, connection difficulties 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html CMOS 4000 series - Design considerations Some care needs to be taken with the design of circuits using CMOS chips 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html CMOS 4000 series - Example common 4000 series chips * 4000 - Dual 3-Input NOR Gate and Inverter 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html CMOS 4000 series - Example common 4000 series chips 1 * 4001 - Quad 2-Input NOR Gate https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html CMOS 4000 series - Example common 4000 series chips 1 * 4002 - Dual 4-Input NOR Gate logical disjunction|OR Gate https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html CMOS 4000 series - Example common 4000 series chips * 4008 - 4-Bit adder (electronics)|Full Adder 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html CMOS 4000 series - Example common 4000 series chips * 4011 - Quad 2-Input logical nand|NAND Gate 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html CMOS 4000 series - 4017 decade counter 1 The '4017 IC' is a 16-pin CMOS decade counter from the 4000 series. It takes clock pulses from the clock input, and makes one of the ten outputs come on in sequence each time a clock pulse arrives. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html CMOS 4000 series - 4026 counter and display decoder The '4026 IC' is a 16-pin CMOS sevensegment counter from the 4000 series. It counts clock pulses and returns the output in a form which can be displayed on a seven-segment display. This avoids using a binary-coded decimal to sevensegment decoder, but it can only be used to display the (decimal) digits 0-9. Additionally, the 4026 counter can be connected to as many other counters as needed when multiple seven segment displays are required. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html CMOS 4000 series - 4511 BCD to seven-segment decoder 1 The '4511 IC' is a 16-pin CMOS BCD to seven-segment decoder from the 4000 series. It takes the binary-coded decimal from a binary counter and decodes it to drive a common cathode seven-segment display. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html CMOS (disambiguation) 1 'CMOS' is a complementary metal–oxide– semiconductor, a class of integrated circuits. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html CMOS (disambiguation) - Technology 1 *Nonvolatile BIOS memory, in a personal computer, historically known as CMOS with a CMOS battery https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html CMOS (disambiguation) - Technology 1 *Credence Systems (NASDAQ symbol CMOS until 2008), a semiconductor equipment manufacturer https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html CMOS (disambiguation) - Technology *CMOS Definition Composite Metal Oxide Substrate 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html CMOS (disambiguation) - Other 1 *The Chicago Manual of Style, a publishing style guide https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html CMOS (disambiguation) - Other *Contract manufacturing organizations, a company with customizable outsourced manufacturing capabilities 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Logic family - CMOS 1 This means that the current draw of CMOS devices increases with switching rate (controlled by clock speed, typically). https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Logic family - CMOS 1 CMOS gates can also tolerate much wider voltage ranges than TTL gates because the logic thresholds are (approximately) proportional to power supply voltage, and not the fixed levels required by bipolar circuits. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Logic family - CMOS The required silicon area for implementing such digital CMOS functions has rapidly shrunk. VLSI technology incorporating millions of basic logic operations onto one chip, almost exclusively uses CMOS. The extremely small capacitance of the onchip wiring, caused an increase in performance by several orders of magnitude. On-chip clock rates as high as 4GHz have become common, approximately 1000 times faster than the 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Logic family - The CMOS–TTL logic level problem 1 Interconnecting any two logic families often required special techniques such as additional pull-up resistors, or purpose-built interface circuits, since the logic families may use different logic level|voltage levels to represent 1 and 0 states, and may have other interface requirements only met within the logic family. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Logic family - The CMOS–TTL logic level problem 1 TTL logic levels are different from those of CMOS – generally a TTL output does not rise high enough to be reliably recognized as a logic 1 by a CMOS input. This problem was solved by the invention of the 74HCT family of devices that uses CMOS technology but TTL input logic levels. These devices only work with a 5V power supply. They form a replacement for TTL, although HCT is slower than original TTL (HC logic has about the same speed as original TTL). https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Logic family - Other CMOS families 1 Other CMOS circuit families within integrated circuits include cascode voltage switch logic (CVSL) and pass transistor logic (PTL) of various sorts. These are generally used on-chip and are not delivered as building-block medium-scale or small-scale integrated circuits. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Logic family - BiCMOS 1 One major improvement was to combine CMOS inputs and TTL drivers to form of a new type of logic devices called BiCMOS|BiCMOS logic, of which the LVT and ALVT logic families are the most important. The BiCMOS family has many members, including ABT logic, ALB logic, ALVT logic, BCT logic and LVT logic. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Depletion-load NMOS logic - Compared to CMOS 1 However, this is a simplified view, and a more complete picture has to also include the fact that even purely static CMOS circuits have significant leakage in modern tiny geometries, as well as the fact that modern CMOS chips often contain dynamic logic (digital logic)|dynamic and/or domino logic with a certain amount of pseudo nMOS circuitry.Pseudo nMOS means that an enhancement-mode p-channel transistor with grounded gate is used in place of the depletion-mode n-channel transistor https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html PCMOS 1 Proponents claim it uses 30 times less electricity while running seven times faster than the current fastest technology.http://www.physorg.com/news153398964.h tmlhttp://www.rice.edu/nationalmedia/news2009-0208-pcmos.shtmlhttp://www.infoworld.com/t/techindustry-analysis/top-underreported-tech-stories-2009455?page=0,5 PCMOS-based system on a chip architectures were shown to be gains that are as high as a substantial multiplicative factor of 560 when compared to a competing energy-efficient CMOS based realization on applications based on probabilistic algorithms such as hyper-encryption, bayesian networks, random neural networks and probabilistic cellular automata. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html NAND gate - CMOS version The standard, 4000 series, CMOS integrated circuit|IC is the 4011, which includes four independent, two-input, NAND gates. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html BiCMOS 1 BiCMOS is an evolved 'semiconductor technology' that integrates two formerly separate semiconductor technologies those of the bipolar junction transistor and the CMOS transistor - in a single integrated circuit device. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html BiCMOS Bipolar junction transistors offer high speed, high gain, and low output electrical resistance|resistance, which are excellent properties for high-frequency analog amplifiers, whereas CMOS technology offers high input resistance and is excellent for constructing simple, lowelectric power|power logic gates 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html BiCMOS 1 The Intel P5|Pentium, Pentium Pro, and SuperSPARC microprocessors also used BiCMOS. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html BiCMOS - Disadvantages 1 But since CMOS is already ideal for pure digital logic, this is only a serious issue when it is desirable to put logic circuits together on the same chip with other circuits that are not strictly logic: either for the purpose of a mixed-signal application, or simply to reduce the chip count in an electronic product by combining two chips into one, in order to reduce cost, size, and/or weight.BiCMOS is also used in many areas. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html HCMOS 1 'HCMOS', high-speed CMOS, is the set of specifications for electrical ratings and characteristics, forming the 74HC00 family, a part of the 7400 series of integrated circuits.[http://www.standardics.nxp.com/s upport/documents/logic/pdf/family.hcmos.s pecification.pdf HCMOS family characteristics], Philips Semiconductors, March 1988 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html HCMOS The 74HC00 family followed, and improved upon, the 74C00 series (which provided an alternative CMOS logic family to the 4000 series but retained the part number scheme and pinouts of the standard 7400 series (especially the 74LS00 series) . 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html HCMOS 1 Some specifications include: https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html HCMOS 1 *DC input voltage range https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html HCMOS 1 *output rise and fall times https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html HCMOS HCMOS also stands for high-density CMOS. The term was used to describe microprocessors, and other complex integrated circuits, which use a smaller manufacturing processes, producing more transistors per area. The Freescale 68HC11 is an example of a popular HCMOS microcontroller.[http://acronyms.thefre edictionary.com/HCMOS HCMOS acronyms], thefreedictionary.com[http://www.moto rola-datasheet.com/hc11.htm HC11 Datasheet]: Motorola's HC11: HCMOS 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html HCMOS - Variations * 'HCT' stands for high-speed CMOS with transistor–transistor logic voltages. These devices are similar to the HCMOS types except they will operate at standard TTL power supply voltages and logic input levels. This allows for direct pin-to-pin compatible CMOS replacements to reduce power consumption without loss of speed. [http://ics.nxp.com/support/documents/ 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html HCMOS - Variations 1 * 'HCU' stands for high-speed CMOS un-buffered. This type of CMOS contains no buffer and is ideal for crystals and other ceramic oscillators needing linearity. [http://www.ecsxtal.com/store/pdf/c er_prin.pdf Ceramic Resonator Applications www.ecsxtal.com] https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html HCMOS - Variations 1 [http://www.semicon.toshiba.co.jp/docs/dat asheet/en/LogicIC/TC74VHC125F_TC74V HC126FT_en_datasheet_071001.pdf TOSHIBA CMOS Digital Integrated Circuit www.semicon.toshiba.co.jp] https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html HCMOS - Variations * 'AHCT' stands for advanced high-speed CMOS with TTL inputs. Typical propagation delay time is between 5 ns and 6 ns. [http://focus.ti.com/paramsearch/docs/param etricsearch.tsp?familyId=1family=logicuiTemp lateId=SZ_Tparameter=2582704419techFam Id=5military=no AHCT - Advanced HighSpeed CMOS focus.ti.com] [http://www.ti.com/lit/ml/sgyn133/sgyn133.pdf Advanced High-Speed CMOS Logic www.ti.com] [http://ics.nxp.com/products/ahc/overview/ AHC(T) family overview ics.nxp.com] 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Fujifilm X-Pro1 - Fujifilm X-Trans CMOS sensor 1 The Fujifilm X-Trans CMOS sensor used in the X-Pro1 (and other Fuji Xseries cameras) is claimed to provide higher resolution than full-frame sensors, and also produce better colour reproduction. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Fujifilm X-Pro1 - Fujifilm X-Trans CMOS sensor 1 Anti-aliasing filters are used on standard Bayer Array Sensors to reduce moire pattern|moiré effect when shooting regular patterns - however they are known to slightly reduce resolution. The X-Trans CMOS sensor uses an irregular pattern of pixels (similar to that found on Silver halide Photographic film|film) in order to reduce moire pattern|moiré without the need for an Anti-aliasing filter|AA filter. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Fujifilm X-Pro1 - Fujifilm X-Trans CMOS sensor 1 This same irregular pattern ensures that all horizontal and vertical lines of pixels contain at least one R, G and B pixel whereas Bayer array sensors do not have R and B in some lines resulting in false colour reproduction. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html High speed photography - CMOS 1 IMEC later spun the research group off as FillFactory, which was later purchased by Cypress Semiconductor and sold again to ON Semiconductor, while key staff went on to create CMOSIS and Caeleste https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Sony Alpha 580 - CMOS Sensor 1 This sensor is capable of recording in 5 different File qualities / formats : https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html MC68000 - CMOS versions Motorola ceased production of the HMOS MC68000 and MC68008 in 1996,[http://groups.google.com/grou p/comp.sys.m68k/browse_frm/threa d/ab9a8520ee794d85/cedb5e4f449f346 c comp.sys.m68k Usenet posting], May 16, 1995; also see other posts in thread 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html CMOS battery 1 'Nonvolatile BIOS memory' refers to a small Memory (computers)|memory on personal computer|PC motherboards that is used to store BIOS settings. It was traditionally called 'CMOS' RAM because it used a volatile memory|volatile, low-power CMOS|complementary metal-oxidesemiconductor (CMOS) Static random access memory|SRAM (such as the https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html CMOS battery The term remains in wide use but it has grown into a misnomer: nonvolatile storage in contemporary computers is often in EEPROM or flash memory (like the BIOS code itself); the remaining usage for the battery is then to keep the real-time clock (RTC) going. The typical NVRAM capacity is 512 bytes, which is generally sufficient for all BIOS 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html CMOS battery The CMOS RAM and the real-time clock have been integrated as a part of the Southbridge (computing)|southbridge chipset and it may not be a standalone chip on modern motherboards. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html CMOS battery 1 On ATX motherboards, this will supply 5V power to the motherboard even if it is apparently switched off, and keep the CMOS memory energized https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html CMOS battery 1 With (non-accesible close) computers you may need to disconnect cables, remove drives, or remove other parts of the computer to get full access to the CMOS battery.http://www.computerhope.com/issu es/ch000239.htm https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html CMOS battery - Rechargeable CMOS battery or capacitors 1 Asus Eee PC series Models 1005ha 1005hab 1008ha and others use Varta ML1220 or equivalent Maxell, Sanyo and Panasonic ML1220 Lithium Ion coin cell rechargeable batteries, terminated with a 2 pin Molex connector plug.http://www.amazon.com/ASUSEEE-PC-1008HA1005HAB/dp/B005J1T5YM https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html CMOS battery - Capacitors Rather than using a battery, heavy duty capacitors can be used as an alternative. They would be connected where the original NiCd / NiMH battery goes.http://pcrestorer.com/replacing-cmos-batteries-in-oldpcs/http://www.ebay.com/itm/PANASONICCAPACITOR-MIN-PCB-MOUNT-GOLDMEMORY-BACKUP-0-22F-HORIZONTAEECS0HD224H/181520225547?pt=AU_Electronics_Wholesa le_Electronicshash=item2a4372d50b 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html The Weather Network - CMOS members 1 Seven TWN presenters are members of the Canadian Meteorological and Oceanographic Society (CMOS). The Weather Network and MeteoMedia have more CMOS-endorsed presenters than any other Canadian weather media sources. On TWN, Chris Murphy, Kim MacDonald, Chris Mei, Suzanne Leonard, Chris St. Clair, Sheryl Plouffe and Nadine Powell are all CMOS https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html For More Information, Visit: • https://store.theartofservice.co m/itil-2011-foundationcomplete-certification-kitfourth-edition-study-guideebook-and-online-course.html The Art of Service https://store.theartofservice.com