Download Animal Organ Systems Part I

Animal Organ Systems
Part I
Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular,
Circulatory, Respiratory
Integumentary System
• Consists of the skin, hair, nails, feathers,
scales, horns, and variety of glands
• Functions: protection
- barrier against infection and injury
- regulate body temperature
- remove waste products from the body
- protect against UV radiation
- produce vitamin D
Layers of the Skin
• Epidermis – outermost thin layer
• Contains keratin – tough, fibrous protein that
forms the basic structure of hair, scales, nails
and feathers
• Melanocytes – produce melanin, a dark brown
pigment
• Dermis – innermost thick layer
• Contains blood vessels, nerve endings, sense
organs, hair follicles, sweat glands and
sebaceous/oil glands (known as sebum)
Hypodermis/subcutaneous layer
fat and connective tissue layer
insulator, energy reserve
Burns
• 1st degree – death of the epidermal cells
• 2nd degree – deeper layers of epidermis
affected
• 3rd degree – entire epidermis burned; may
extend into the dermis;
• Extensive third degree burns may be fatal
Skeletal System
• 206 bones, cartilage, tendons, ligaments
• Function:
- body support
- muscle attachment
- protects vital organs
- stores vitamins and minerals
- house bone marrow
Types of Skeleton
• Hydrostatic
- consists of fluid-filled closed chambers
- internal pressures generated by muscle
contractions cause movement as well as
maintain the shape of the animal
• Exoskeleton
- outer segmented shell that covers muscles
and visceral organs
- usually associated to arthropods (insects,
crustaceans, etc) that has this kind of skeleton
• Endoskeleton
- internal skeleton made of bones and cartilage
Skull – head
Shoulder – scapula and clavicle
Chest – sternum, ribs
Arms – humerus, ulna, radius, carpals
Hands – metacarpals, phalanges
Legs – Fibula, Femur, patella (knee cap), tibia,
tarsals
Feet – metatarsals, phalanges
Skeletal Disorders
• Osteoporosis – severe loss of bone
• Sprains – ligaments separate from the bone
• Osteoarthritis – wearing away of cartilage
covering of bones; associated with aging
• Rheumatoid arthritis – bone degeneration and
disfigurement
Muscular System
• Functions: movement, warmth, posture
• Muscle Properties: ability to contract, be
stretched, respond to stimulus
• Types: Skeletal, smooth, cardiac
Actions of Skeletal Muscle
• Actions of Skeletal Muscle
- Extensor – increases the angle at a joint
- Flexor – decreases the angle at a joint
- Abductor – moves the limb away from the
midline of the body
- adductor – moves the limb toward the
midline of the body
Circulatory System
The circulatory system distributes materials to
and from all region of the body and plays a
role in regulating temperature
- Transports nutrients, gases, wastes, water, and
hormone, and also distributes heat
- Parts of the circulatory system: blood vessel,
blood, lymphatic system, heart
Blood Vessels
• Blood vessels are tubes directing transport of
blood
• Arteries – take blood away from the heart
• Veins – returns blood to the heart
• Capillaries – close the system and reticulate
through every tissue
Blood
• Blood is a connective tissue composed of water,
solute, cells and formed elements
• Functions:
1. Carries oxygen and nutrients to body cells
2. Carries secretions and metabolic wastes away
from cells
3. Contains phagocytic cells that fight infection
4. Contains chemicals that buffer internal pH
5. Helps maintain normal body temperature
Blood Constituents
• Plasma – 50-60% of total volume; composed
mostly of water (90%)
• Red blood cells (erythrocytes)
- contains hemoglobin
- transports oxygen
White blood cells (leukocyte) – function for
defense
Platelets – function in blood clotting
Heart
• Muscular organ that pumps blood through
animal’s body (muscle contraction converted to
pressure)
• Fishes (2 chambers), amphibians (3 chambers),
birds and mammals (4 chambers)
• Parts of the hearts (human) – two atria (receiving
chambers), two ventricles (pumping chambers);
atrioventricular valve (separate auricle from
ventricle), semilunar/arterial valve – separates
ventricle from connecting artery
Flow of Blood
• Superior vena cava -> right atrium -> right
ventricle -> pulmonary artery -> lungs ->
pulmonary vein -> left atrium -> left ventricle
-> aort
Cardiac Cycle
• Diastole – relaxation of the heart muscle
As the right atria begin to fill, the ventricles
relax
- Systole – contraction of the heart muscle;
ventricles contract
Pressure in the ventricles opens the semilunar
valves leading into the aorta and pulmonary
artery
Respiratory System
• Respiration is gas exchange between an
organism and the environment
• Gas Exchange Organs: body surface, gills,
tracheal system, lungs
• Human Respiratory System – nasal passage,
pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchus
Some Diseases of the Respiratory
System
• Asthma – narrow the airways by causing allergyinduced spasms of surrounding muscles or by clogging
the airways with mucus
• Bronchitis – an inflammatory response that reduces
airflow and is caused by long-term exposure to irritants
such as cigarette smoke, air pollutants or allergens
• Cystic fibrosis – genetic defect that causes excessive
mucus production that clogs and airways
• Pneumonia – infection of the alveoli
• Lung cancer – uncontrolled proliferation of cells