Download The Skeletal System

The Skeletal
System:
Structure, Function, and
Diseases
of the bones and joints
Ischium dan Illeum
The Axial Skeleton
 Forms the longitudinal part of the body
 Divided into three parts
 Skull
 Vertebral column
 Bony thorax
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Slide
The Axial Skeleton
Figure 5.6
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Slide
The skull
8 sutured bones in cranium
Facial bones: 13 sutured bones, 1 mandible
Cranium
encases brain
attachments for muscles
sinuses
Bones of the Skull
Figure 5.11
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Allows for
growth
CORSA SQOLA
Sutura :
- Coronaria
- Sagitalis
- Squamosa
- Lamboidea
Human Skull, Superior View
Figure 5.8
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Slide 5.23
Human Skull, Inferior View
Figure 5.9
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Slide 5.24
Paranasal Sinuses
 Hollow portions of bones surrounding
the nasal cavity
Figure 5.10
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Slide
The Hyoid Bone
 The only bone that
does not articulate
with another bone
 Serves as a
moveable base for
the tongue
Figure 5.12
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Slide 5.26
The Vertebral Column
 Vertebrae
separated by
intervertebral discs
 The spine has a
normal curvature
 Each vertebrae is
given a name
according to its
location
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Figure 5.14
Slide 5.28
Vertebral column
7 cervial vertebrae
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
1 sacrum (5 fused
1 coccyx (4 fused)
Vertebrae vary in size and morphology
The Vertebral Column
Cervical Vertebrae (7)
Thoracic Vertebrae
(12)
Lumbar Vertebrae (5)
Sacrum
Coccyx
Structure of a Typical Vertebrae
Figure 5.16
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Slide 5.29
Thoracic cage
ribs
thoracic vertebrae
sternum
costal cartilages
True ribs are directly attached to the sternum
(first seven pairs)
Three false ribs are joined to the 7th rib
Two pairs of floating ribs
The Thoracic Cage
Sternum
True Ribs (7)
False Ribs (3)
Floating Ribs
(2)
Sacrum & Coccyx
Bones of the Pectoral Girdle
The Upper Limb
(Forelimb)
Humerus
Ulna
Radius
Carpals
Metacarpals
Phalanges
Male Pelvic Girdle
Female Pelvic Girdle
The Lower Limb
(Legs)
Femur
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges
Skeletal system song
kranium ,vertebrae
klavikula, sternum
skapula ,humerus
radius, ulna
karpal ,metakarpal
falange ,digity
ilium sacrum coccyx pubis ischium
femur & patella fibula tibia
tarsal metatarsal falange digity
The Human Skeleton Quiz
1. Carpals
2. Cranium
1. Clavicle
3. Femur
2. Fibula
4. Innominate
3. Humerus
5. Mandible
4. Patella
6. Metacarpals
5. Radius
7. Metatarsals
6. Sternum
8. Phalanges
7. Tarsals
9. Rib
8. Tibia
10. Scapula
9. Ulna
11. Sacrum
12. Vertebra
The Human Skeleton
1. Clavicle
2. Fibula
3. Humerus
4. Patella
5. Radius
1
6
3
5
9
6. Sternum
7. Tarsals
8. Tibia
9. Ulna
4
8
2
7
2
5
10
9
12
4
11
1
6
8
3
1. Carpals
2. Cranium
3. Femur
4. Innominate
5. Mandible
6. Metacarpals
7. Metatarsals
8. Phalanges
9. Rib
10. Scapula
11. Sacrum
7
12. Vertebra
Question:
• Pinguin merupakan jenis burung yang tidak
dapat terbang karena kerangkanya tidak
mempunyai …..
a. Klavikula
b. Furkula
c. Korakoid
d. Skapula
e. Krisna sterni
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Question:
• Penyu mempunyai eksoskeleton yang terdiri
dari :
1. Sisik
2. Karapaks
3. Kulit kitin
4. Plastron
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Question:
• Pada kodok tulang vomer, yang bergerigi
berfungsi untuk :
a. Memegang mangsa
b. Menelan mangsa
c. Mencabik mangsa
d. Mengunyah mangsa
e. Membunuh mangsa
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Question:
• Ular yang termasuk reptil adalah vertebrata
yang tidak mempunyai tulang….
1. Klavikula
2. Rusuk
3. Sternum
4. Leher
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Question:
• Katak hijau tidak dapat mengadakan
pernapasan perut karena tidak mempunyai ….
a. Tulang rusuk dan selangka
b. Tulang rusuk dan tulang dada
c. Tulang rusuk dan diafragma
d. Tulang dada dan difragma
e. Tulang selangka dan diafragma
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Bone Fractures
 A break in a bone
 Types of bone fractures
 Closed (simple) fracture – break that does not
penetrate the skin
 Open (compound) fracture – broken bone
penetrates through the skin
 Bone fractures are treated by reduction
and immobilization
 Realignment of the bone
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Common Types of Fractures
Table 5.2
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Slide 5.17
Stages in the Healing of a Bone
Fracture
Figure 5.5
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Slide 5.19
QUESTION : OSSIFICATION
1. OSTEOBLAST MEMPRODUKSI TULANG
KERAS
2. PERIKONDRIUM BERKEMBANG MENJADI
OSTEOBLAST
3. TULANG DIBUNGKUS OLEH PERIOSTEUM
4. TERJADI PENIMBUNAN KALSIUM DAN
MATRIKS
5. TULANG TUMBUH MELINGKAR DAN
MEMANJANG
JOINT
JOINT
Diarthrosis
(free movement)
Amphiarthrosis
(little movement)
Synarthrosis
(forbids
movement)
(Diarthrosis)- freely moveable
pelvis
ligaments
femur
joint
capsule
pelvis
hyaline
cartilage
synovial
cavity
femur
The Synovial Joint
Figure 5.28
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Slide 5.51
Synovial Joint Movement
Extension
Flexion
Rotation
Adduction
Abduction
Types of Synovial Joints Based on
Shape
Pivot Joint
Sendi Engsel
Figure 5.29a–c
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Sendi Putar
Slide
Types of Synovial Joints Based on
Shape
• Sendi Engsel (Hinge joint)
persendian yang memungkinkan gerak
satu arah. Cth: ruas jari, siku dan lutut
• Sendi Putar ( Pivot Joint)
persendian yang memungkinkan gerakan
berputar.
Cth: pergelangan kaki dan tangan
Types of Synovial Joints Based on
Shape
Sendi Luncur
Figure 5.29d–f
Sendi Pelana
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Sendi Peluru
Slide
Types of Synovial Joints Based on Shape
• Sendi Luncur (Condyloid joint)
persendian yang memungkinkan gerak
bergeser/meluncur. Cth: ruas tlg belakang
• Sendi Pelana
persendian yang memungkinkan gerakan pelana
kuda.
Cth: telapak tangan dan pergelangan tangan
• Sendi Peluru (Ball and Socket Joint)
Cth: persendian yang memungkinkan gerakan ke
segala arah. Cth: lengan atas dan tulang belikat,
femur dan tulang pinggul
Slightly Movable Joint
(amphiarthrosis)
Immovable Joints
(synarthrosis)
suture
pubis symphisis
Bones are
connected by
cartilage at the
two tips of
neighboring
bones
Sinfibrosis
Sinchondrosis
Synarthrosis
Bone connector
is fibers at
sutura
Bone Repair:
1. Electrical stimulation of the fracture site:
• Increases speed and completeness of healing
• The e- stimulation inhibits PTH and slow
osteoclasts down from reabsorbing bone
2. Ultrasound treatment:
• Daily treatments reduce healing time of broken
bones by 25-35%
3. Free vascular fibular graft technique:
• Transplant fibula in arm
• Gives good blood supply not available in other
treatments
4. Bone substitutes:
• Crushed bone from cadaver- but risk of HIV and
hepatitis
• Sea bone- coral
• Artificial bone- ceramic
hematoma
callus
bony callus
bone
remodeling
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
MUSCULAR
SMOOTH
MUSCLE
CARDIAC
MUSCLE
SKELETAL
MUSCLE
Muscle function:
• produce movement
• maintain posture
• stabilize joints
• generate heat
Functional Characteristics:
• Excitability- respond to a stimulus
• Contractility- ability to shorten forcibly when
adequately stimulated
• Extensibility- the ability to be stretched
• Elasticity- the ability of a muscle fiber to
resume
its resting length after being stretched
Comparison of Muscle
No.
Pembeda
Otot Polos
1
Bentuk
Seperti otot
lurik
2
Inti Sel
Seperti gelondong Silinder yang
panjang dan tidak
bercabang
Satu di tengah
Banyak di pinggir
3
Sifat Kerja
4
Tidak menurut
kemauan
(involuntary)
Lambat
Reaksi
Cepat
Terhadap
Rangsangan
Letak
Pembuluh darah, Pada rangka
usus
Tidak
menurut
kemauan
lambat
5
Otot Lurik
Menurut kemauan
Otot Jantung
Satu atau dua
di tengah
jantung
Skeletal Muscle
- striated fibers
- multinucleated
- voluntary control
Smooth Muscle
• No striations
• single nuclei
• autonomic control
Cardiac Muscle
•
•
•
•
striations
intercalated disks
gap junctions
autonomic control
STRUKTUR DAN FUNGSI OTOT
MACAM
MACAMOTOT
OTOT
OTOT POLOS
Ciri dan fungsi
a. Fusiform shape
b. Involuntary
c. One nuclei in the
centre
OTOT RANGKA
Ciri dan fungsi
a. voluntary
b. Has not branch
c. Composed of
miofibril
OTOT JANTUNG
Ciri dan fungsi
a. involuntary
b. Has branch
c. Nuclei located in
the middle
Muscle Tissues
Skeletal – striated, multinucleate,
voluntary,
10-100 m
Smooth - found in walls of hollow visceral
organs; ex. stomach, bladder, respiratory
passages; visceral, nonstriated,
involuntary; discuss peristalsis
Cardiac – in heart only, striated,
involuntary, intercalcated disks
Skeletal Muscle Tissue
Smooth Muscle Tissue
Cardiac Muscle Tissue
Gross Anatomy Skeletal Muscle
bundle of
muscle fibers
Muscle
Anatomy
muscle
fiber
myofibri(cell)
l
sarcomer
e
Terms
• Plasmalemma = Sarcolemma
• Sarcoplasm = Cytoplasm
• Sarcoplasmic Reticulum =
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Contractile Proteins
•
•
•
•
•
Actin- thin myofiliment
Myosin- thick filament
Tropomyosin- thin filament
Troponin- thin filament
Actin and Myocin contribute 55% of total
protein in skeletal muscle
Skeletal Muscle
•
•
•
•
Bundles are formed by:
epimysium
epi = upon
perimysium
peri = around
endomysium end = within
Every Muscle Has...
• Origin
• Insertion
Myofibril
Z
lines
Sarcomere
Sarcomere
A
band
Sarcomere
I bands
Actin and Myosin Filaments
actin
myosin
Myosin (Thick) Filament
Compose enzyme can
convert ATP to ADP
Actin (Thin) Filament
Mechanism of Muscle Contraction
• Saat otot dalam keadaan istirahat, tidak ada
interaksi antara miofilamen tebal (miosin)
dan miofilamen tipis (aktin). Tempat aktif
dari kedua miofilamen diblokir oleh senyawa
“tropomiosin”
• Saat otot dalam keadaan istirahat, pergeseran
aktin dan miosin dihalangi oleh protein
“tropomiosin” dengan menyumbat situs
pengikatan miosin pada aktin.
Mechanism of Muscle Contraction
• Depolarisasi sarkolema dan tubula T
menstimulasi pelepasan ion Ca2+ menyebabkan
perubahan pada bentuk troponin; troponin
bergeser , menarik tropomiosin menjauh
sehingga terjadi pergeseran .
• Kontraksi otot yang distimulus oleh saraf
motorik
melepaskan
“asetilkolin
mengandung ion Na+”. Akibatnya terjadi
perubahan permeabilitas pada sarkolema
akibat poalrisasi ion Na+.
Mechanism of Muscle Contraction
• Ion Na+ di luar sarkolema mengalir ke dalam
sel menyebabkan pelepasan ion Ca2+ yang
berasal dari Retikulum Sarkoplasma.
• Ion Na+ bersenyawa dengan “troponin”
sehingga sisi aktif miofilamen terlepas dari
pemblokiran
tropomiosin
yang
mengakibatkan interaksi antara aktin dan
miosin.
• Serabut miosin menggerakkan serabut aktin
dengan perantara ATP.
Mechanism of Muscular Work
• Muscle Contraction
Aktin + Miosin
Aktomiosin
ATP
ADP + P + E
• Muscle Relaxation
Aktomiosin
Aktin + Miosin
ADP + P
ATP
Stimulation of Skeletal Muscle
axon
myofibrils
Mitokondria
T Tubule
RS
sarcomere
plasma
membrane
Energy Sources
Glikogen
Laktasidogen
Laktat
Glukosa
Cellular
Respiration
ATP
Fermentation
Diseases and Conditions
of the Skeletal System
Arthritis
Bursitis
• Inflammation of the Bursa (fluid
filled sac surrounding the joint).
• A bursa can become inflamed from
injury, infection (rare in the
shoulder), or due to an underlying
rheumatic condition.
• Bursitis is typically identified by
localized pain or swelling,
tenderness, and pain with motion of
the tissues in the affected area.
Tendonitis
• Sometimes the tendons become inflamed
for a variety of reasons, and the action of
pulling the muscle becomes irritating. If
the normal smooth gliding motion of your
tendon is impaired, the tendon will
become inflamed and movement will
become painful. This is called tendonitis,
and literally means inflammation of the
tendon.
• The most common cause of tendonitis is
overuse.
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
• Any condition that causes swelling
or a change in position of the tissue
within the carpal tunnel can squeeze
and irritate the median nerve.
Irritation of the median nerve in this
manner causes tingling and
numbness of the thumb, index, and
the middle fingers, a condition
known as "carpal tunnel syndrome."
Osteoporosis
• Osteoporosis is a term that means
"porous bones." It is a skeletal disease
affecting women and men. Osteoporosis
is a condition in which bones have lost
minerals especially calciumﾑmaking them
weaker, more brittle, and susceptible to
fractures (broken bones). Any bone in the
body can be affected by osteoporosis, but
the most common places where fractures
occur are the back (spine), hips, and
wrists.
Scoliosis
• Scoliosis is an abnormal curvature of the
spine. If your child has scoliosis, the view
from behind may reveal one or more
abnormal curves.Scoliosis runs in
families, but doctors often don't know the
cause. More girls than boys have severe
scoliosis. Adult scoliosis may be a
worsening of a condition that began in
childhood, but wasn't diagnosed or
treated. In other cases, scoliosis may
result from a degenerative joint condition
in the spine.
Kyphosis
• With kyphosis, your spine may look
normal or you may develop a hump.
Kyphosis can occur as a result of
developmental problems; degenerative
diseases, such as arthritis of the spine;
osteoporosis with compression fractures
of the vertebrae; or trauma to the spine. It
can affect children, adolescents and
adults.
Lordosis
• A normal spine, when viewed from
behind appears straight. However, a
spine affected by lordosis shows
evidence of a curvature of the back
bones (vertebrae) in the lower back
area, giving the child a "swayback"
appearance.
Tuberculosis of the
Spine- Pott’s Disease
• As a form of extrapulmonary tuberculosis that impacts the
spine, Pott’s disease has an effect that is sometimes
described as being a sort of arthritis for the vertebrae that
make up the spinal column. More properly known as
tuberculosis spondylitis, Pott’s disease is named after Dr.
Percivall Pott, an eighteenth century surgeon who was
considered an authority in issues related to the back and
spine.Pott's disease is often experienced as a local
phenomenon that begins in the thoracic section of the
spinal column. Early signs of the presence of Pott’s
disease generally begin with back pain that may seem to
be due to simple muscle strain. However, in short order,
the symptoms will begin to multiply.
Rickets
• Rickets is the softening and
weakening of bones in children,
usually because of an extreme and
prolonged vitamin D deficiency.
• Some skeletal deformities caused by
rickets may need corrective
surgery.
Scurvy
• The human body lacks the ability to
synthesize and make vitamin C and
therefore depends on exogenous dietary
sources to meet vitamin C needs.
Consumption of fruits and vegetables or
diets fortified with vitamin C are essential
to avoid ascorbic acid deficiency. Even
though scurvy is uncommon, it still occurs
and can affect adults and children who
have chronic dietary vitamin C deficiency.
Gout
• Gout is a disease that results from an
overload of uric acid in the body. This
overload of uric acid leads to the
formation of tiny crystals of urate that
deposit in tissues of the body, especially
the joints. When crystals form in the joints
it causes recurring attacks of joint
inflammation (arthritis). Chronic gout can
also lead to deposits of hard lumps of uric
acid in and around the joints and may
cause joint destruction, decreased kidney
function, and kidney stones.
Acromegaly
• Acromegaly is a serious condition that occurs
when the body produces too much of the
hormones that control growth. ･The hormone
most often affected is called growth hormone, or
GH. Itﾊis produced by the pituitary gland, a tiny
organ at the base of the brain.･･Growth hormone
ﾊpromotes growth of bone, cartilage, muscle,
organs, and other tissues.･･When there is too
much growth hormone in the body, these tissues
grow larger than normal. This excessive growth
can cause serious disease and even premature
death.
Poliomyelitis
•
Poliomyelitis (polio) is a highly infectious disease caused by a
virus. It invades the nervous system, and can cause total
paralysis in a matter of hours. It can strike at any age, but affects
mainly children under three (over 50% of all cases). The virus
enters the body through the mouth and multiplies in the intestine.
Initial symptoms are fever, fatigue, headache, vomiting, stiffness
in the neck and pain in the limbs. One in 200 infections leads to
irreversible paralysis (usually in the legs). Amongst those
paralysed, 5%-10% die when their breathing muscles become
immobilized. Although polio paralysis is the most visible sign of
polio infection, fewer than 1% of polio infections ever result in
paralysis. Poliovirus can spread widely before cases of paralysis
are seen. As most people infected with poliovirus have no signs
of illness, they are never aware they have been infected. After
initial infection with poliovirus, the virus is shed intermittently in
faeces (excrement) for several weeks. During that time, polio can
spread rapidly through the community.
Spina Bifida
• Spina bifida is a birth defect that involves
the incomplete development of the spinal
cord or its coverings. The term spina
bifida comes from Latin and literally
means "split" or "open" spine.Spina bifida
occurs at the end of the first month of
pregnancy when the two sides of theﾊ
embryo's spine fail to join together,
leaving an open area. In some cases, the
spinal cord or other membranes may
push through this opening in the back.
The condition usually isﾊdetected before
a baby is born and treated right away.
Talipes Equinovarus“Clubfoot”
• Clubfoot is a deformity of the whole foot
that is present at birth. There are several
types of clubfoot that are jointly known as
'talipes', as the deformity is mostly in the
talus (a bone in the ankle). The most
common of the talipes is what is known as
"talipes equino varus" - it is so common
that the word clubfoot is commonly used
to refer to this. In talipes equino varus,
the child is born with the foot pointing
down and twisted inwards at the ankle.
Sarcoma
• Osteosarcoma-The most common
type of bone cancer. It arises in
bone and is most commonly found in
children and adolescents but a rare
form occurs in adults, particularly in
patients who have been cured of
other cancers with radiation
therapy.
Myeloma
• Multiple myeloma is a cancer in which abnormal
cells collect in the bone marrow and form
tumors. Sometimes these abnormal cells (called
myeloma cells) collect in only one bone and form
a single tumor known as a plasmacytoma.
However, in most cases, the myeloma cells
collect in many bones, forming several tumors
and causing other problems. When this happens,
the disease is called multiple myeloma.
Leukemia
• Leukemia is cancer of the blood cells. It starts in
the bone marrow, the soft tissue inside most
bones. Bone marrow is where blood cells are
made.When you are healthy, your bone marrow
makes:･White blood cells, which help your body
fight infection.･Red blood cells, which carry
oxygen to all parts of your body.･Platelets, which
help your blood clot.When you have leukemia,
the bone marrow starts to make a lot of
abnormal white blood cells, called leukemia
cells. They don't do the work of normal white
blood cells, they grow faster than normal cells,
and they don't stop growing when they should.
Bone Marrow Biopsy
Joints
• Fibrous-Fibrous joints connect bones without
allowing any movement. The bones of your
skull and pelvis are held together by fibrous
joints.
• Cartilaginous-Cartilaginous joints are joints
in which the bones are attached by cartilage.
These joints allow for only a little movement,
such as in the spine or ribs.
• Synovial-Synovial joints allow for much more
movement than cartilaginous joints. Cavities
between bones in synovial joints are filled
with synovial fluid. This fluid helps lubricate
and protect the bones. Bursa sacks contain
the synovial fluid. within fixed limits
•
•
A joint, or articulation, is the place
where two bones come together.
There are three types of joints
classified by the amount of
movement they allow:
 Immovable
 slightly movable
 freely movable
Types of Joints
Hinge- A hinge joint allows extension
and retraction of an appendage. (Elbow,
Knee)
Ball and Socket- A ball and socket joint
allows for radial movement in almost
any direction. They are found in the hips
and shoulders. (Hip, Shoulder)
Gliding- In a gliding or plane joint bones
slide past each other. Mid-carpal and midtarsal joints are gliding joints. (Hands,
Feet)
Saddle- This type of joint occurs when the
touching surfaces of two bones have both
concave and convex regions with the
shapes of the two bones complementing
one other and allowing a wide range of
movement. (Thumb)