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The Autonomic Nervous System Motor Neurons • Motor neurons are signaled by other neurons (interneurons) and send signals to other organs (muscles/glands) – Also called efferent neurons • Motor neurons fall into two categories: somatic and autonomic – Receive information from different portions of the brain Somatic vs. Autonomic • Somatic motor neurons are voluntary – They innervate (attach to) skeletal muscles • Autonomic motor neurons are involuntary – They innervate the heart, liver, digestive organs – They also innervate glands that release hormones Autonomic Nervous System • The autonomic nervous system is further subdivided into two branches: – Sympathetic nervous system – Parasympathetic nervous system • These two branches work against each other – Sympathetic: “fight or flight” – Parasympathetic: “rest and digest” Autonomic Nervous System Sympathetic vs. Parasympathetic • Sympathetic nervous system increases blood flow to muscles, heart and lungs – Response to fear and to exercise – Also increases alertness but reduces memory access (don’t freak out on exams!) • Parasympathetic nervous system increases blood flow to liver, kidneys and digestive organs – Dominates before/during/after eating food unless blocked by sympathetic Autonomic Neurotransmitters • Sympathetic nerve fibers release norepinephrine onto target glands and organs – One of its major functions is to stimulate the medulla of the adrenal glands to release a hormone called epinephrine – The resulting hormone rush is more commonly known as adrenaline • Parasympathetic nerve fibers release acetylcholine, the same as somatic motor nerves Autonomic Activity • When norepinephrine or acetylcholine is released onto target organs, they exhibit a stimulatory or inhibitory effect depending on what the organ’s function is • The heart’s pacemaker cells are stimulated by norepinephrine and inhibited by acetylcholine – Which neurons release which onto the heart? – Again note these neurons are controlled by the limbic system, NOT the frontal lobe Adrenaline Rush • Epinephrine is a hormone in the bloodstream that affects most organs, and is broken down over time by the liver – This is not an immediate process! • The sympathetic nervous system outranks the parasympathetic nervous system as a result Brain vs. Body • People often believe that the brain and the body are separate – The “car” model of brain activity • The reality is that the brain’s state, including emotions, is affected by the body and in turn affects the body – The sympathetic nervous system activates even when you are looking at someone attractive! Pupil Dilation • Pupil dilation is stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system – Allows more light in, enables seeing at a distance and in poor lighting more effectively • As a result, your pupils dilate when you are excited, attracted to someone/something, or sexually aroused – This is why poker players wear shades! – Also why you should wear sunglasses when buying an expensive car Have an awesome spring break! • Optional (0-point) quiz will be on blackboard for you to assess your learning! – Recommendation: take it at the end of spring break to get yourself back into school gear • Midterm grades will be available by the end of spring break!