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The Enlightenment and American Democracy Enlightenment Ideas An intellectual movement that spread from Europe to the Americas Influenced the thinking of leaders of the American Revolution Core beliefs: Truth can be discovered through reason What is natural is also good and reasonable People can find happiness in this life Society and humankind can progress and improve People’s liberty should be protected by the law CALIFORNIA CONTENT STANDARD 11.1.1 Enlightenment Philosophers John Locke An English philosopher, expressed the idea that people are born with “natural” rights. These rights include the right to life, liberty, and property. According to Locke, people have the right to change or overthrow a government that does not protect their “natural” rights. Baron de Montesquieu A French writer and philosopher, argued for separation of powers within the government. In his view, each branch of government should serve as a check on the other branches’ power. Jean Jacques Rousseau Another French philosopher, believed in the natural goodness of people and in individual freedom. He argued that government should be formed and guided by the “general will” of the people. Cesare Bonesana Beccaria An Italian philosopher, promoted new ideas about the justice system. He argued that people accused of crimes had certain rights, and he advocated abolishing torture. His ideas were based on the belief that governments should seek the greatest good for the greatest number of people. CALIFORNIA CONTENT STANDARD 11.1.1 Effects of the Enlightenment Enlightenment ideas ideas encouraged encouraged people people to to use use observation observation to to make make new new Enlightenment discoveries, rely reason, and question traditional authority. discoveries, rely onon reason, and question traditional authority. The principles principles of of the the Enlightenment Enlightenment led led many manyAmerican American colonists colonists to to challenge challenge The authority British monarchy. thethe authority of of thethe British monarchy. When Thomas Thomas Jefferson Jefferson wrote wrote the the Declaration Declaration of of Independence, Independence, he he drew drew on on When ideas John Locke. The Declaration Independence states that men thethe ideas of of John Locke. The Declaration of of Independence states that allall men have right life, liberty, and pursuit happiness. have thethe right to to life, liberty, and thethe pursuit ofof happiness. Many ideas ideas in in the the Constitution Constitution are are based based on on the the ideas ideas of of Enlightenment Enlightenment Many thinkers. thinkers. CALIFORNIA CONTENT STANDARD 11.1.1 Origins of the American Political System Ideas Behind the American Revolution In the Declaration of Independence, Thomas Jefferson drew on the writings of John Locke. Locke was a British philosopher who said that if government became tyrannical people should resist it. Locke’s Ideas Ideas in the Declaration of Independence People are born with natural rights of life, liberty, and property. Sad sods sad sad sdddddddddddddddddddad dad dad dad dad dad scudded American colonists had unalienable rights that the king could not take away. These rights are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. Government has power by the consent of the people. People have the right to change or abolish a government that does not protect their natural rights. People have the right to “alter or abolish” a government that threatens their unalienable rights. Sided three error CALIFORNIA CONTENT STANDARD 11.1.2 Debates on Drafting the Constitution At the Constitutional Convention in 1787, delegates from the states debated many issues as they created a new form of government. The chart below summarizes these debates. Key Issues Resolution North versus South daddy daddy Should slaves be counted as population for determining congressional representation? The Three-Fifths Compromise allowed for three-fifths of a state’s slaves to be counted as population. Daddy daddy daddy daddy daddy daddy daddy daddy daddy daddy Division of Powers daddy daddy’s How should power be divided between the states and federal government?daddy The Constitution gives delegated powers, such as control of foreign affairs, to the federal government. The states are given reserved powers, such as supervising education. Separation of Powers daddy daddy’s How can the authority of the federal government be limited? Daddy daddy daddy The Constitution created three branches of government - executive, legislative, and judicial. Each branch limits the power of the others in a system of checks and balances. CALIFORNIA CONTENT STANDARD 11.1.2 The Bill of Rights At least nine states needed to ratify, or approve, the Constitution. Opponents, called Antifederalists, argued that the Constitution lacked protection of individual rights. Supporters, called Federalists, said that the Constitution gave only limited powers to the national government. The Federalists finally promised to add a Bill of Rights to the Constitution so that it could be ratified. The Bill of Rights is the first ten amendments to the Constitution. It is a summary of citizens’ rights and freedoms. CALIFORNIA CONTENT STANDARD 11.1.2 The History of the Constitution States’ Rights vs. Federal Authority The constitution is the supreme law of the land. In matters that concern the nation as a whole, a strong central government composed of three branches takes precedence over any individual state government. However, the Constitution reserves certain powers for the states. Disagreements between states’ rights and federal authority led to conflicts such as the Nullification Crisis and the Civil War. CALIFORNIA CONTENT STANDARD 11.1.3 Event Issue Outcome Nullification Crisis were In 1832 South Carolina moved to nullify, or declare illegal, tariff laws passed by Congress in 1828 and 1832. South Carolina threatened to secede if the tariffs were enforced. Vice President John C. Calhoun, from South Carolina, developed a nullification theory. He said that a state had the right to nullify a federal law within its borders and to withdraw from the Union if it were not allowed to nullify a federal law. Daddy daddy daddy daddy President Andrew Jackson saw South Carolina’s actions as a direct challenge to the Constitution as the supreme law of the land. He threatened to use federal troops to enforce the law. Daddy daddy daddy daddy Congress lowered tariffs, avoiding confrontation. CALIFORNIA CONTENT STANDARD 11.1.3 Event Issue Outcome The Civil War (1861-1865) After the election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860, South Carolina was the first state to secede from Union. Daddy daddy daddy daddy daddy daddy daddy Most Southerners saw the conflict over slavery as a struggle between the states’ rights of selfdetermination and federal control. The Confederacy declared that states’ rights took precedence over the Union, the Constitution, and federal laws. daddy daddy daddy Lincoln said states did not have the right to secede. When Confederate troops fired on Fort Sumter, a Union fort in South Carolina, the Civil War began. The Union victory four years later led to the abolition of slavery and the readmission of the Confederate states to the Union. CALIFORNIA CONTENT STANDARD 11.1.3 Expansion of Democracy The Bill of Rights did not extend to all Americans. The Constitution has been amended to allow more citizens to participate in the government. Amendment Date Ratified Effects 13th 1865 Abolished slavery throughout the United States 14th 1868 Gave all citizens equal protection under the law Gave citizenship to those born or naturalized in the country 15th 909099 009 1870 99000 No one may be prevented from voting due to “race, color, or 90009 llllprevious condition of servitude” 9099 9099 0990 9090 900999 900999 099 Resulted in literacy tests, poll taxes, and grandfather clauses llllto limit voting rights of African Americans 19th 1920 Gave women the right to vote 24th 1964 Abolished poll tax 26th 1971 Gave 18-year-olds the right to vote CALIFORNIA CONTENT STANDARD 11.1.3 The Enlightenment and American Democracy 1. Which statement is a core belief of Enlightenment thinkers? a. Only society creates what is good and reasonable. b. Truth can be discovered through faith and reason. c. Society and humankind can progress and improve. 2. Enlightenment ideas encouraged people to a. affirm their loyalty to the Church. b. recognize the natural rights of the government. c. question traditional authority. d. give up their natural rights for the social good. d. Only rich people can find happiness in this life. CALIFORNIA CONTENT STANDARD 11.1.1 The Enlightenment and American Democracy 3. Which philosopher most influenced 4. Montesquieu’s ideas led to Jefferson’s writing in the Declaration of a. three branches in the federal Independence? government. a. Beccaria b. the Bill of Rights. b. Locke c. direct election of the president. c. Rousseau d. trial by jury. d. Montesquieu CALIFORNIA CONTENT STANDARD 11.1.1 The Enlightenment and American Democracy 5. According to Locke, people have the right to rebel against or abolish the government when it 6. The ideas of the Enlightenment encouraged people in the new United States to a. relies only on reason. a. be loyal to the government. b. does not protect people’s “natural” rights. b. form a government based on law and reason. c. is a monarchy. c. rely on traditional forms of government. d. does not have separation of powers. d. recognize the rights of the British government. CALIFORNIA CONTENT STANDARD 11.1.1 The Origins of the American Political System 1. The Declaration of Independence states 2. An unalienable right listed in the that all people have unalienable rights, Declaration of Independence is which are rights a. private property. a. given by the consent of the people. b. the right to bear arms. b. to be free of taxation. c. freedom of speech. c. that the government cannot take d. the pursuit of happiness. away. d. that Congress can grant. CALIFORNIA CONTENT STANDARD 11.1.2 The Origins of the American Political System 3. How does the Constitution limit the power of the federal government? a. by refusing to have a single executive leader b. by ensuring that both large and small states are fairly represented c. by giving the states power to control foreign affairs d. by checks and balances among the three branches of government 4. Which statement is a reason the Antifederalists opposed the Constitution? a. They wanted the federal government to have more power. b. They thought the Constitution did not protect individual rights. c. They wanted large states to have more representatives in Congress. d. They were against a system of checks and balances. CALIFORNIA CONTENT STANDARD 11.1.2 The Origins of the American Political System “A bill of rights is what the people are entitled to against every government on earth . . . And what no just government should refuse.” - Thomas Jefferson to James Madison, December 1787 5. Thomas Jefferson supported the Constitution. What does this quotation show about his attitude toward the Antifederalists? a. He thought they were dangerous to the country’s future. b. He thought they were too worried about the need for a bill of rights. 6. What promise caused the Constitution to be ratified? a. The Antifederalists promised to accept George Washington as president. b. The Federalists promised to give states more reserved powers. c. The Antifederalists promised to add a system of checks and balances. d. The Federalists promised to add a bill of rights. c. He agreed with their call for a bill of rights. d. He decided to join them in fighting ratification of the Constitution. CALIFORNIA CONTENT STANDARD 11.1.2 The History of the Constitution 1. Which laws are the supreme law of the land? 2. The Nullification Crisis occurred as a result of a. state laws a. an unpopular tariff. b. executive orders b. the expansion of voting rights. c. federal laws c. the expansion of slavery. d. the Constitution d. an unpopular bank. CALIFORNIA CONTENT STANDARD 11.1.3 The History of the Constitution 3. The nullification theory declared that 4. The Civil War was fought over a state’s right to a. the federal government had no right to regulate trade. a. abolish slavery. b. a state had the right to declare a federal law invalid. c. the Constitution was the highest law of the land. b. pass its own tariffs. c. regulate voting. d. secede from the Union. d. the election of 1832 was improper. CALIFORNIA CONTENT STANDARD 11.1.3 The History of the Constitution 5. In practice, what effect did the 15th amendment have on voting rights? a. It ensured that every eligible American voted. b. It led to new laws to limit voting by African Americans. c. It gave the vote to AfricanAmerican men and women in the North. 6. The 19th, 24th, and 26th amendments expanded a. the rights of the states. b. rights of African Americans. c. rights for women. d. voting rights in the United States. d. It did not affect voting rights. CALIFORNIA CONTENT STANDARD 11.1.3