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Biology is the science that focuses on life
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Some properties of life
(a) Order
(b) Evolutionary
adaptation
(c) Response to the
environment
(e) Energy
processing
(d) Regulation
(f) Growth and
development
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
(g) Reproduction
Eleven Themes that Unify Biology
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Eleven Themes #1 The Cell
Contrasting eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells in size and complexity
EUKARYOTIC CELL
Membrane
PROKARYOTIC CELL
DNA
(no nucleus)
Membrane
Cytoplasm
Organelles
Nucleus (contains DNA)
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
1 µm
#1 The Cell
A lung cell from a newt divides into two smaller cells that will grow and divide again
25 µm
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
#2 Heritable Information
DNA: The genetic material
Nucleus
DNA
Cell
A
C
Nucleotide
T
A
T
A
C
C
G
T
A
G
T
A
(a) DNA double helix. This model shows
each atom in a segment of DNA. Made
up of two long chains of building
blocks called nucleotides, a DNA
molecule takes the three-dimensional
form of a double helix.
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
(b) Single strand of DNA. These geometric shapes and
letters are simple symbols for the nucleotides in a
small section of one chain of a DNA molecule.
Genetic information is encoded in specific sequences
of the four types of nucleotides (their names are
abbreviated here as A, T, C, and G).
Inherited DNA directs development
of an organism
Sperm cell
Nuclei
containing
DNA
Egg cell
Fertilized egg
with DNA from
both parents
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Embyro’s cells
with copies of
inherited DNA
Offspring with traits
inherited from
both parents
#3 Emergent Properties Exploring Levels of Biological Organization
9 Organelles
1 µm
Cell
8 Cells
Atoms
10 µm
7 Tissues
50 µm
6 Organs and organ systems
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10 Molecules
#3 Emergent Properties Exploring Levels of Biological Organization
1 The biosphere
2 Ecosystems
3 Communities
4 Populations
5 Organisms
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#3 Emergent Properties
A systems map of interactions between proteins in a cell
Outer membrane
and cell surface
CELL
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
#4 Regulation
Negative feedback
A
Negative
feedback
Enzyme 1
B
A
Enzyme 1
B
Enzyme 2
C
C
Enzyme 3
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
#4 Regulation
Positive feedback
W
W
Enzyme 4
Enzyme 4
Positive
feedback
X
X
Enzyme 5
Enzyme 5
Y
Y
Enzyme 6
Z
Enzyme 6
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
#5 Interaction with the Environment Energy flow through an ecosystem
Sunlight
Ecosystem
Producers
(plants and other
photosynthetic
organisms)
Heat
Chemical
energy
Consumers
(including animals)
Heat
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#6 Energy and Life
Energy issues and usage
Heat
Chemical
energy
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#7 Unity and Diversity
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Drawers of diversity
#7 Unity and Diversity in the orchid family
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
#7 Unity and Diversity An example of unity underlying the diversity of life: the
architecture of cilia in eukaryotes
15 µm
1.0 µm
Cilia of Paramecium.
The cilia of Paramecium
propel the cell through
pond water.
5 µm
Cross section of cilium, as viewed
with an electron microscope
Cilia of windpipe cells. The cells that line the human windpipe are
equipped with cilia that help keep the lungs clean by moving a
film of debris-trapping mucus upward.
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
#7 Unity and Diversity
Species Genus Family
Classification
Order
Class
Phylum
Ursus
americanus
(American
black bear)
Ursus
Ursidae
Carnivora
Mammalia
Chordata
Animalia
Eukarya
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Kingdom
Domain
#7 Unity and Diversity
Bacteria are the most diverse
4 µm
and widespread prokaryotes,
and are now divided among multiple
kingdoms. Each of the rod-shaped
structures in this photo is a bacterial cell.
Many of the prokaryotes known
0.5 µm
as archaea live in Earth‘s
extreme environments, such as salty lakes
and boiling hot springs. Domain Archaea
includes multiple kingdoms. The photo
shows a colony composed of many cells.
Life’s Three Domains
Protists (multiple kingdoms)
100 µm
are unicellular eukaryotes and
their relatively simple multicellular relatives.
Pictured here is an assortment of protists
inhabiting pond water. Scientists are currently
debating how to split the protists
into several kingdoms that better represent
evolution and diversity.
Kindom Fungi is defined in part by the
nutritional mode of its members, such
as this mushroom, which absorbs
nutrients after decomposing organic
material.
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Kingdom Plantae consists of
multicellular eukaryotes that carry
out photosynthesis, the conversion
of light energy to food.
Kindom Animalia consists of
multicellular eukaryotes that
ingest other organisms.
#8 Evolution Charles Darwin in 1859, the year he published The Origin of Species
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#8 Evolution Summary of natural selection
Population
of organisms
Hereditary
variations
Overproduction
and struggle for
existence
Differences in
reproductive success
Evolution of adaptations
in the population
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
#8 Evolution Natural selection
1
Populations with varied inherited traits
2 Elimination of individuals with certain traits.
3 Reproduction of survivors.
4 Increasing frequency of traits that enhance
survival and reproductive success.
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
#9 Structure and Function
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
#9 Structure and Function
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Digging into the past
#10 Scientific Inquiry A campground example of hypothesis-based inquiry
Observations
Questions
Hypothesis # 1:
Dead batteries
Hypothesis # 2:
Burnt-out bulb
Prediction:
Replacing batteries
will fix problem
Prediction:
Replacing bulb
will fix problem
Test prediction
Test falsifies hypothesis
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Test prediction
Test does not falsify hypothesis
#11 Science, Technology and Society - information science
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#11 Science, Technology and Society
DNA technology and crime scene investigation
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#11 Science, Technology and Society
Science as a social process
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings