Download An Invitation to Health Chapter 15 Lowering Your Risk of Cancer

An Invitation to Health
Chapter 15
Lowering Your Risk of Cancer and Other Major Diseases
Dr. Lana Zinger
©2004 Wadsworth Publishing Co.
Metastasis, Or Spread of Cancer
How Cancer Starts and Spreads
Sex Differences in Cancer
Who Is at Risk for Developing Cancer?
Heredity
Racial
and
Ethnic
Groups
Infectious
Agents
Obesity
How Can I Reduce My Cancer Risk?

Cancer-Smart Nutrition




Tobacco Smoke


Avoidance of carcinogens.
Early Detection


First-hand vs. environmental.
Environmental Risks


Diet high in antioxidant-rich fruits and vegetables.
Low fat diet.
Consider food-processing and preparation techniques.
Screening examinations and self-examinations.
Chemoprevention

Tamixofen, raloxifene (Evista), and Proscar.
Common Types of Cancer
Carcinoma
Lymphoma
Sarcoma
Leukemia
Skin Cancer
Squamous-Cell Cancer and Basal-Cell Cancer

Cause





UVA and UVB exposure.
Sunlamps and tanning
salons.
Smoking and exposure to
certain chemicals.
Inherited skin disorders.
Treatments

Surgical removal,
cryosurgery,
electrodesiccation, topical
chemotherapy, and
removal with lasers,
chemical peels, or
Skin Cancer
Melanoma – The deadliest type of skin cancer

Cause




Exposure to UV
radiation.
Use of tanning beds.
Detection


Risks





Fair skin
Freckles
A history of childhood
sunburn’
A personal or family
history
A large number of moles

Change in an existing
mole.
Development of a new
and changing pigmented
mole.
 Change in color.
 An increase in
diameter.
 Changes in borders of
the mole.
Treatment

Surgery; Chemotherapy
ABCD: The Warning Signs Of
Melanoma
Self-exam for Skin Cancer
Risk Factors for Breast Cancer
Age
Family History
Age at Menarche
Age at Birth of First Child
Breast Biopsies
Race
Occupation
Alcohol
Hormone Replacement Therapy
Size of Tumors Found by Mammography
and Breast Self-Exam
Breast Cancer
Detection




Breast self-examination.

Clinical breast exam.
 Every 3 years for
women in their 20’s

and 30’s.
 Every year for women 
40+years.
Mammogram
 For all women starting
at age 40.
Education about breast
cancer symptoms.
Treatment
Surgery


Lumpectomy
Mastectomy
Radiation
Drugs




Chemotherapy
Hormonal therapy
Taxol, Taxotere
Herceptin
Breast Self-Exam
Mammography
Colon Cancer
Risks

Age, gender, personal or
family history, polyps,
ulcerative colitis, smoking,
alcohol consumption, highfat or low-fiber diet, and
inadequate intake of fruits
and vegetables.
Early Signs



Bleeding from the rectum.
Blood in the stool.
Change in bowel habits.
Prevention



Screening starting at age 50.
Fecal occult blood test.
Sigmoidoscopy, colonoscopy
Treatment



Surgery
Radiation therapy
Chemotherapy
Screening for Colon Cancer
Testicular Cancer
Early Signs



Enlargement of one testicle.
Dull ache in the lower
abdomen or groin.
Lumps on the testicles.
Prevention

Monthly testicular self-exams
Treatment





Surgery
Removal of nearby lymph
nodes
Radiation therapy
Chemotherapy
Testosterone injections
Cervical Cancer
Oral Cancer
Lung
Ovarian
Other Common
Cancers
Cancer
Cancer
Prostate
Cancer
Leukemia
New Hope Against Cancer
Surgery
Radiation
Therapy
Chemotherapy
Biological
Therapies
Bone-Marrow
Transplantation
Gene Therapy
Types of Diabetes Mellitus
Type 2 Diabetes
Type 1 Diabetes

The pancreas is not
producing insulin and
the patient requires
regular insulin injections.
Only 5% of all diabetics.

Causes


?viral and genetics.



The body is producing
some insulin, but is not
responding to it properly.
95% of all diabetics over
age 20
Causes= Excess body
fat, inactivity and
genetics.
Roles of Insulin
Insulin: A hormone essential for processing glucose in the body.
It is produced in the islets of Langerhans within the pancreas.
ROLE #1
To move glucose
from the blood to
the cells of the body
where it is used
for energy.
ROLE #2
To convert excess
glucose to glycogen,
stored as an energy
reserve in the liver
and muscles.
Signs and Symptoms of Diabetes
Type 1 Diabetes

Sudden and dramatic onset
of symptoms.

Symptoms


Fatigue, irritability,
abnormal hunger and
thirst, frequent urination,
and weight loss.
Life-threatening
complications

Diabetic coma, insulin
reaction.
Type 2 Diabetes

Onset of symptoms are
more gradual.

Symptoms

Same type 1 diabetes plus
drowsiness, blurred
vision, itching, slow
healing cuts, skin
infections, and numbness
of fingers and toes
Treatment for Diabetes Mellitus
Type 1 Diabetes





Insulin injections
Home glucose
monitoring
Well-balanced diet
Exercise
Weight management
Type 2 Diabetes





Oral hypoglycemic
medications
Home glucose
monitoring
Well-balanced diet
Exercise
Weight management
Long Term Complications of Diabetes
Diabetic
Retinopathy
Kidney
Disease
Cardiovascular
Complications
Diabetic
Neuropathy
Epilepsy and Seizure Disorders
Respiratory Diseases
Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (COLD)
Anemias
Iron Deficiency, Sickle Cell, Pernicious Anemia and Aplastic Anemia
Liver Disorders
Cirrhosis
Kidney Diseases
Nephrosis and Kidney Stones
Digestive Diseases
Ulcers, Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Irritable Bowel Disease and Gallstones
Disorders of the Muscles, Joints, and Bones
Arthritis, Hernias, and Back Aches
Skin Disorders
Eczema, Dermatitis and Psoriasis
Protecting Yourself From Cancer
and Major Illnesses
Avoid excessive exposure to UV light
Avoid obvious cancer risks
Eat a variety of healthful foods
Keep moving
Watch your weight
Limit consumption of alcoholic beverages
Be alert to changes in your body