Download Lesson 2

Lesson
2
Ultraviolet (UV) rays can put a person at risk
for developing cancer.
How does each item in
the picture help protect
you from UV rays?
Cancer
Lesson
2
Lesson Objectives
In this lesson, you will learn to:
• Describe the causes and types of cancer and the
treatments for cancer
• Discuss the importance of early detection and warning
signs
• Identify health behaviors that put you at risk for
developing cancer
• Develop strategies to prevent noncommunicable
diseases
Lesson
2
Cancer
What Is Cancer?
• The body’s cells are constantly growing and dividing.
• Most new cells are normal, but some are not.
• Sometimes these abnormal cells reproduce rapidly and
uncontrollably, forming masses of abnormal cells inside
otherwise normal tissue. This is called cancer.
Lesson
2
How Cancer Harms the Body
What Is a Tumor?
• Some tumors are benign.
• Benign tumors grow slowly and are surrounded by
membranes that prevent them from spreading from the
original site.
• Some tumors are also malignant.
• These tumors spread to neighboring tissues and through
the blood or lymph to other parts of the body in a process
called metastasis.
Lesson
2
Types of Cancer
Classification of Cancers
• Lymphomas are cancers of the immune system.
• Leukemias are cancers of the blood-forming organs.
• Carcinomas are cancers of the glands and body linings,
including the skin and the linings of the digestive tract
and lungs.
• Sarcomas are cancers of connective tissue, including
bones, ligaments, and muscle.
Lesson
2
How Cancer Harms the Body
Common Cancers in the United States
• Skin: Most common type of cancer in the United States
• Breast: Second leading cause of cancer death for women
• Prostate: Found mostly in men over age 55
• Lung: Leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States
• Colon/Rectum: Second leading cause of cancer deaths in
the United States
• Testicle: Most common cancer in men ages 15 to 34
Lesson
2
Risks Factors for Cancer
How Cancer Develops
• Abnormal cells that have the potential to become cancer
cells are produced every day, and the immune system
destroys most of them.
• In some cases, normal cells change by themselves. In
others, a faulty gene may have been inherited; between 5
to 10 percent of cancers are hereditary.
• Exposure to a carcinogen like cigarette smoke or ultraviolet
light also increases the risk of cancer.
Lesson
Risks Factors for Cancer
2
Factors Causing Cancers
Tobacco Use
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Angina Pectoris
Dietary Factors
Radiation
Lesson
2
Risks Factors for Cancer
Tobacco Use
• Recent studies attribute nearly one in five deaths to
smoking or exposure to secondhand smoke.
• About 87 percent of lung cancer deaths are caused by
smoking. An additional 25 percent of females who smoke
will die of other smoking-related diseases.
• At least 43 different carcinogens have been identified in
tobacco and tobacco smoke.
• Smokeless tobacco use is a major risk factor in the
development of oral cancer. Oral cancer kills roughly one
person every hour.
Lesson
2
Risks Factors for Cancer
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
• Some viruses, such as the human papillomavirus (HPV)
and the hepatitis B virus, cause cervical and liver cancers,
respectively.
• The risk of acquiring these pathogens can be reduced by
abstinence from sexual activity and from injecting drugs
through infected needles.
Lesson
2
Risks Factors for Cancer
Dietary Factors
• Approximately 30 percent of all cancer deaths are caused
by dietary risk factors. A diet that is high in fat and low in
fiber is often linked with cancer.
• Choosing foods low in fat and high in fiber reduces the risk
of colon, breast, and prostate cancers.
Lesson
2
Risks Factors for Cancer
Radiation
• Ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun is the main cause of
skin cancer.
• Tanning beds and sunlamps also emit UV radiation, which
is just as damaging as the sun’s rays. A “tan” is the body’s
response to being injured by UV rays.
Lesson
2
Risks Factors for Cancer
Ways to Prevent Radiation
Reduce your exposure
to UV light by avoiding
tanning beds and
sunlamps.
Limit your time in the
sun, especially between
10:00 A.M. and 4:00
P.M.
When you must be in
the sun, wear
Protective clothing.
Use a sunscreen that
has an SPF (Sun
Protection Factor) of at
least 15 and that blocks
all types of UV radiation.
Lesson
2
A Word of Caution About Cancer
Reducing Your Risk
Lesson
2
Reducing Your Risk
How You Can Reduce Your Risk of Cancer
Practice abstinence from sexual activity to reduce
the risk of sexually transmitted diseases.
Be physically active.
Maintain a healthy weight.
Eat nutritious foods.
Follow an eating plan that is low in saturated fat and
high in fiber.
Recognize the warning signs of cancer.
Lesson
2
Detecting and Treating Cancer
Detecting Cancer
• The survival rate for those with cancer depends on the
type of cancer and how early it is detected.
• Early detection is the most critical factor in successful
cancer treatment. Many types of cancer can be detected
through self-examination of the breasts, testes, and skin.
• The current five-year survival rate with early detection is
about 80 percent. With regular screenings, the rate could
increase to 95 percent.
• A biopsy is usually necessary to determine whether
cancer is present.
Lesson
2
Detecting and Treating Cancer
Treating Cancer
• The methods used to treat cancer depend on several
factors, such as the type of cancer, whether the tumor
has spread, and the patient’s age and health.
• Cancer that responds to treatment or is under control is
said to be in remission.
• Cancer in remission is not always cured; it can recur,
sometimes years later.
Lesson
2
Detecting and Treating Cancer
Methods Available for Treating Cancer
• Surgery removes some or all of the cancerous masses
from the body.
• Radiation therapy aims rays from radioactive substances
at cancerous cells. The radiation kills the cells and shrinks
the cancerous mass.
• Chemotherapy uses chemicals to destroy cancer cells.
• Immunotherapy activates a person’s immune system to
recognize specific cancers and destroy them.
• Hormone therapy involves using medicines that interfere
with the production of hormones. These treatments kill
cancer cells or slow their growth.
Lesson
2
Quick Review
Choose the appropriate option.
Q. An abnormal mass of tissue
that has no natural role in
the body is a _______.
1. biopsy
2. metastasis
3. carcinogen
4. tumor
Lesson
2
Quick Review - Answer
A. 4. tumor
An abnormal mass of tissue that has no natural role in the
body is a tumor.
Click Next to attempt another question.
Lesson
2
Quick Review
Choose the appropriate option.
Q. The spread of cancer from
where it originates is called
_______.
1. carcinogen
2. remission
3. metastasis
4. biopsy
Lesson
2
Quick Review - Answer
A. 3. metastasis
The spread of cancer from where it originates is called
metastasis.
Click Next to attempt another question.
Lesson
2
Quick Review
Choose the appropriate option.
Q. A benign tumor does not
spread to other tissue; a
malignant tumor does.
True
False
Lesson
Quick Review - Answer
2
A. True. A benign tumor does not spread to other tissue;
a malignant tumor does.
Click Next to attempt another question.
Lesson
2
Quick Review
Choose the appropriate option.
Q. Some cancer screening procedures
are intrusive and scare some
people. It is important to urge that
person to undergo the procedure
because it is a prime action to
avoid disease.
True
False
Lesson
2
Quick Review - Answer
A. True. Some cancer screening procedures are intrusive
and scare some people. It is important to urge that
person to undergo the procedure because it is a prime
action to avoid disease.
Click Next to attempt another question.
Lesson
2
End of Lesson 2
Click Home to view the Main menu.
Lesson
Quick Review - Answer
2
A. Correct! An abnormal mass of tissue that has no natural
role in the body is a tumor.
Click Next to attempt another question.
Lesson
2
Quick Review - Answer
You have answered the question incorrectly. Go back to try
again, or click Next to view the correct answer.
Lesson
2
Quick Review - Answer
A. Correct! The spread of cancer from where it originates is
called metastasis.
Click Next to attempt another question.
Lesson
2
Quick Review - Answer
You have answered the question incorrectly. Go back to try
again, or click Next to view the correct answer.
Lesson
Quick Review - Answer
2
A. Correct! A benign tumor does not spread to other tissue;
a malignant tumor does.
Click Next to attempt another question.
Lesson
2
Quick Review - Answer
You have answered the question incorrectly. Go back to try
again, or click Next to view the correct answer.
Lesson
2
Quick Review - Answer
A. Correct! Some cancer screening procedures are intrusive
and scare some people. It is important to urge that
person to undergo the procedure because it is a prime
action to avoid disease.
Click Next to attempt another question.
Lesson
2
Quick Review - Answer
You have answered the question incorrectly. Go back to try
again, or click Next to view the correct answer.
Lesson
2
Cancer
What Is Cancer?
• The body’s cells are constantly growing and dividing.
Cancer is the
• Most new cells are normal, uncontrollable
but some are not.
growth of
cells. rapidly and
• Sometimes these abnormalabnormal
cells reproduce
uncontrollably, forming masses of abnormal cells inside
otherwise normal tissue. This is called cancer.
Lesson
2
How Cancer Harms the Body
What Is a Tumor?
• Some tumors are benign.
• Benign tumors grow slowly and are surrounded by
membranes that prevent them from spreading from the
Tumor is an
original site.
abnormal mass of
tissue that
• Some tumors
are has
alsono
malignant.
natural role in the
• These body.
tumors spread to neighboring tissues and through
the blood or lymph to other parts of the body in a process
called metastasis.
Lesson
2
How Cancer Harms the Body
What Is a Tumor?
• Some tumors are benign.
Benign
• Benign tumors grow slowly and are surrounded by
means
membranes that prevent them from spreading from the
noncancerous.
original site.
• Some tumors are also malignant.
• These tumors spread to neighboring tissues and through
the blood or lymph to other parts of the body in a process
called metastasis.
Lesson
2
How Cancer Harms the Body
What Is a Tumor?
• Some tumors are benign.
Malignant
• Benign tumors grow slowly and are surrounded by
means
membranes that prevent them from spreading from the
cancerous.
original site.
• Some tumors are also malignant.
• These tumors spread to neighboring tissues and through
the blood or lymph to other parts of the body in a process
called metastasis.
Lesson
2
How Cancer Harms the Body
What Is a Tumor?
• Some tumors are benign.
Metastasis is the
spread tumors
of cancer
from
• Benign
grow
slowly and are surrounded by
the point where
membranes
that it
prevent them from spreading from the
originated
original
site.to other
parts of the body.
• Some tumors are also malignant.
• These tumors spread to neighboring tissues and through
the blood or lymph to other parts of the body in a process
called metastasis.
Lesson
2
Risks Factors for Cancer
How Cancer Develops
• Abnormal cells that have the potential to become cancer
cells are produced every day, and the immune system
destroys most of them.
A carcinogen
• In some cases,
normal cells change by themselves. In
is a cancerothers, a faulty
gene may have been inherited; between 5
causing
to 10 percent
of cancers are hereditary.
substance.
• Exposure to a carcinogen like cigarette smoke or ultraviolet
light also increases the risk of cancer.
Lesson
2
Detecting and Treating Cancer
Detecting Cancer
• The survival rate for those with cancer depends on the
type of cancer and how early it is detected.
• Early detection is the most critical factor in successful
Biopsy is
cancer treatment. Many types of cancer can be detected
the removal of a
through self-examination of the breasts, testes, and skin.
small piece of
tissue
for survival rate with early detection is
• The current
five-year
examination.
about 80 percent.
With regular screenings, the rate could
increase to 95 percent.
• A biopsy is usually necessary to determine whether
cancer is present.
Lesson
2
Detecting and Treating Cancer
Treating Cancer
• The methods used to treat cancer depend on several
factors, such as the type of cancer, whether the tumor
has spread, and the patient’s age and health.
• Cancer that responds to treatment or is under control is
said to be in remission.
Remission
• Cancer in remission is not always cured; it can recur,
is a period of
sometimes years later.
time when
symptoms
disappear.