Download Blood and Circulatory System

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http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=fvwp&v=r_RQMdqccqc&NR=1
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Circulatory System relates to:
o Skeletal system  Where blood cells are produced
o Respiratory System  carries oxygen/carbon dioxide to the
body
o Lymphatic System  lymph and foreign invader defenders
travel through the blood system
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Functions of blood
o Fluid connective tissue
o Transport dissolved gasses, nutrients, hormones, and
metabolic wastes
o Regulates pH and ion composition
o Restricts fluid loss at injury sites
o Defense against toxins/pathogens
46-63% Plasma
 37-54% Formed Elements
o 3 components:
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1. Red Blood Cells, RBC’s or erythrocytes
• Most abundant
• Transport oxygen/carbon dioxide
2. White Blood Cells, WBC’c or leukocytes
• Involved in body’s defense mechanisms
3. Platelets
• Small packets of cytoplasm that contain enzymes and
other substances for clotting
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R-sKZWqsUpw
 Plasma
composition:
o 92% water
o 7% Plasma Proteins
o 1% other solutes
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3 Primary types:
1. Albumins
• Regulate osmotic pressure of plasma
• Transport fatty acids, hormones
2. Globulins
• Antibodies that attack foreign proteins and
pathogens
3. Fibrinogens
• Blood clotting if platelets don’t clot properly
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99.9% Erythrocytes
Contain the red pigment hemoglobin
Single blood drop = 260 million RBC’s
Structure:
o Biconcave disc
• Enables RBC’s to form smooth stacks that flow through narrow
openings
• Enables bending/flexing
o During differentiation, RBC’s loose most organelles  short lifespan
(<120 days)
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Hemoglobin
o Bloods cells with attached oxygen  bright red
o binds and transports oxygen/carbon dioxide to tissues
throughout the body
o Anemia: condition where the Hemoglobin levels are low
• Interferes with oxygen delivery
• Symptoms: weak, lethargic, confused
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BkC5HfAKwo&NR=1
 Blood
Doping: involves harvesting an athlete's own
blood before a competition or finding a matching
blood donor
o blood is processed to create a concentration of red blood
cells, then frozen until needed for transfusion back into
the athlete shortly before the event
o the extra red blood cells will deliver more oxygen and
other essential elements to the athlete's muscle tissues,
which means more stamina and endurance
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H4qkwW-Fl3E
A
classification determined by presence/absence of
antigens
o Substances that trigger an immune response
o Attached to cell membranes of RBC’s
 RBC’s
of individual will have either
1. A antigens
2. B antigens
3. Both A and B antigens
4. Neither A or B antigens
 Type A
o Antigen A
o 40%
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Type B
o Antigen B
o 10%
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Type AB
o Antigens A and B
o 4%
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Type O
o Neither antigens
o 46%
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Rh factor
o Surface antigen
o Rh+
• Presences of Rh antigen
• 85%
o Rh• Absence of Rh antigen
• 15%
o Example:
• O-  No antigens present
• AB+  A, B, and Rh antigens present
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Day 2
Blood typing lab
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Why do we need to be aware of blood types?
o Agglutinins: cells in plasma that attack antigens on
“misplaced” RBC’s
• When agglutinins attack the foreign RBC’s clump
together = agglutination
o If you are Type A  your plasma carries anti-B (antibodies
B) which will attack Type B surface antigens
o Universal Recipient: AB+
o Universal Donor: O-
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Inherited through genes on chromosome 9
Determined by the inheritance of 1 of 3 alleles (A, B, or O) from
each parent. The possible outcomes are shown below:
Parent
Alleles
A
B
O
A
AA
(A)
AB
(AB)
AO
(A)
B
AB
(AB)
BB
(B)
BO
(B)
O
AO
(A)
BO
(B)
OO
(O)
Both A and B alleles are dominant over O. The A and B alleles
are codominant. Therefore, if an A is inherited from one parent
and a B from the other, the phenotype will be AB.
Compared to RBC’s
o Have a nuclei, organelles
o Lack hemoglobin
 Function
o Defend against invasion by pathogens
o Remove toxins, wastes, abnormal/damaged cells
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Use bloodstream to travel from organ to organ
o Detect chemical signals within the blood to seek out the
damaged area
• Can move out of bloodstream
• Some can do phagocytosis: the ability to engulf large
particles
Types of Leukocytes
o Neutrophils
o Eosinophils
o Basophils
o Monocytes
o Lymphocytes
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Neutrophils
o 50-76% of WBC’s
o The first WBC to arrive at injury site
o Specialize in attacking and engulfing bacteria that has
been marked
Eosinophils
o Red in color
o 2-4% of WBC’s
o Phagocytize marked bacteria, parasites, or cellular debris
Basophils
o <1% of WBC’s
o Trigger dilation of blood vessels to avoid clotting
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Monocytes
o 2-8% of WBC’s
o Aggressive phagocytes
o Engulfing items larger than themselves
o Release chemicals to attract other neutrophils and
monocytes
Lymphocytes
o 20-30% of WBC’s
o 3 Classes:
1. T Cells
2. B Cells
3. NK Cells
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Lymphocytes
1. T Cells
1. Cell mediated immunity
2. Against invading foreign cells and tissue
2. B Cells
1. Humoral immunity
2. Producing of antibodies
3. NK Cells
1. “Natural Killer” cells
2. Immune surveillance
3. Detection of destruction
4. Important in preventing cancer
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Leukopenia: abnormally low #’s of leukocytes
Leukocytosis: abnormally high #’s of leukocytes
o Leukemia: type of Leukocytosis, many kinds
• Leukocytes fight off normal, healthy cells within the
body
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Platelets: thrombocytes
o Thrombocytopenia: abnormally low platelet
count
• Cause: excessive bleeding
o Thrombocytosis: exceedingly high platelet
count
• Infection, inflammation, cancer
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Functions
o Release enzymes at appropriate times to
initiate clotting control
o Formation of temporary patch in walls of
damaged vessels
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Day 4
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Blood pumped through the body is involved in 2 main
circuits:
1.
Pulmonary
•
2.
Systemic
•
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Carries blood to and from the gas exchange surfaces of the lungs
Transports blood to and from the rest of the body
Both circuits start and end at the heart
o
Circuits made up of:
•
•
•
Arteries
Veins
Capillaries
 Surrounded
by the pericardial cavity
o Visceral Pericardium: lining covering the
surface of the heart
o Parietal Pericardium: lining on the inside
surface of the pericardial cavity
o Pericardial fluid: lubricant found between
both pericardium layers to reduce the friction
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Anterior View
o Aorta
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
• Ascending
• Descending
• Arch
Right Atrium
Right Ventricle
Left Atrium
Left Ventricle
Pulmonary Trunk
Superior Vena Cava
Left Pulmonary Artery
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Anterior View
o Aorta
• Arch
o Right Atrium
o Right Ventricle
o Left Atrium
o Left Ventricle
o Pulmonary Trunk
o Superior Vena Cava
o Inferior Vena Cava
o Left Pulmonary Artery
o Right Pulmonary Artery
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Interatrial Septum separates the right and left atria
Interventricular Septum  separates the right and left
ventricles
Atrioventricular Valves—(2 of them) valves that open
between atria and ventricles
o 1 on right side: “Right AV valve” or tricuspid (3 flaps)
o 1 on left side: “Left AV valve” or bicuspid (2 flaps)
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Pulmonary Semilunar valve valves that open between the
right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk
Aortic Semilunar valve valves that open between the left
ventricle and the aorta
Left Atrioventricular Valve or
Bicuspid
Pulmonary Semilunar Valve
Aortic Semilunar Valve
Right Atrioventricular Valve or
Tricuspid
Chordae Tendinae: connective
tissue that pulls cusps open
Papillary Muscles: attach to
Chordae Tendinae and
constrict to pull cusps open
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Review structures
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Blood from body Inferior/Superior Vena Cava's  Right
Atrium  Right Atrioventricular Valve/Tricuspid Right
Ventricle Pulmonary Semilunar Valve  Pulmonary
Artery 
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Lungs (BECOMES OXYGENATED) 
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Pulmonary Veins Left Atrium Left Atrioventricular
valve/bicuspid Left Ventricle  Aortic Semilunar Valve
Ascending Aorta  Aortic Arch Descending Aorta the
Body
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practice
The heart, as a muscle, needs a blood supply too =
coronary circulation
 Coronary Arteries: (left and right) originate from the
ascending aorta
o Supplies blood to the heart tissue
 Cardiac Veins: takes blood from the heart tissue and
dumps it directly into the right atrium
o Removes deoxygenated blood from the heart tissue
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Cats
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Conduction System
o Release chemical impulses to change the Transmembrane
potential of heart tissue
o Components
• Sinoatrial Node (SA node)
• In wall of Rt Atrium
• Contains pacemaker cells---regulate heart rate
• Atrioventricular Node (AV node)
• Between atriums and ventricles
• AV Bundle
• Perkinje Fibers
• Conducting Cells
• Interconnect the nodes
• Pass electrical signals to all cells of the heart tissue
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Heartbeat
1. SA node stimulated
2. Impulse spreads and reaches the AV node
3. Atrial contraction begins
4. Impulse spreads with the AV Bundle
5. Impulse braches to the Perkinje fibers
6. Spreads to papillary muscles for valves to open
7. Impulse spreads to ventricles for contraction
Sinoatrial Node
(SA)
Atrioventricular
Node (AV)
AV Bundle
Perkinje
Fibers
Electrocardiogram: recording of the electrical events of
your heart
 Features:
o P Wave: depolarization of the atria (contract)
o QRS Complex: ventricles depolarize(contract) and
atria repolarize(relax)
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• R Wave: Ventricles contract (contraction held due to
ventricles being larger than atria)
o T Wave: ventricle repolarization (relax)
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The repetitive pumping process that begins with cardiac
muscle contraction and ends with the beginning of the
next
o 2 phases:
• Systole: contraction of the heart chambers—
pushing blood out of heart
• Diastole: Relaxation of the heart chambers---blood
filling heart chambers
• Used in blood pressure readings:
• Systolic/Diastolic Ex: 120/80
• The amount of pressure on your vascular
tissue during systole and diastole
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Take Blood Pressure
o Average 120/80
• Abnormally Low #’s: 80/50 or lower = body is not
getting enough blood
• Hypotension
• Abnormally High #’s: 140/100 or higher = heart is
working too hard to get blood to body
• Hypertension
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Average resting 60-100
Consistently above 100 or below 60---see a physician