Download introduction to computer programming

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER
PROGRAMMING
itc-314
LECTURE 01
Course Grading

Total Marks: 100 (Theory)
60 Marks = Final paper
20 Marks = Midterm Tests
10 Marks = Assignments
05 Marks = Presentations
05 Marks = Class Performance
Practical: Total Marks: 100
 80 Marks: Final Practical
 10 Marks: Lab Tasks
10 Marks: Lab Performance
Overview:
The term” Computer Programming” refers to create a
set of instructions that enable computer to do
something.

Computer Programming is very important course in the
field of Information Technology as the topics covered in
it will be encountered by you again and again in the
future courses.

The study of computer science teaches us how to use
computers, how to organize the data and also how to
create programs that can be used by computer to solve
problems.
Goals

The aim of this course is to understand what is
computer programming, why we learn programming,
what are the programming languages, what are
categories and generations of languages, what steps are
needed to create a programs by using different
computer languages etc.

In this course we will also discuss about various
programming languages that can be used to create
programs.

In this course we will mainly emphasize on C
programming language.
Introduction to Computers
Computer

A computer is an electronic device which converts raw
data by processing into meaningful information.

The word “computer” comes from the word
“Compute” which means to calculate. Hence, a
computer is normally considered to be a calculating
device, which that perform arithmetic operation and
logical operations at enormous speed.
DATA
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Data are simply values or set of values.
The English word Data is a plural of word Datum, which
means fact. Therefore, we can say that Data means
facts.
Data is a group of characters (digits, alphabets, or other
characters) which represents a specified value or
condition.
OR
Data consists of raw facts, which the computer can
manipulate and process into information that is useful
to people.
Some examples of data items:
3, 5, 99, 50
A1, F16, AB-10, Islamabad, Karachi, Asad
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Information
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The organization of data in a meaningful form is called
Information.
OR
Meaningful or processed data is called Information.
Example:
2 + Data
3 = 5
Information
Basic Components of Computer

A computer system can perform variety of tasks
according to specific instructions.
These tasks are perform by computer by using its
components.
 A digital computer system is totally based on its
components that are attached or installed in it.
 There are two main components of a computer system.
1) Hardware
2) Software

Hardware
The physical components of computer system is called
Hardware. Hardware is also known as Tangible part of the
computer.
OR
 A computer’s hardware consists of electronic devices. The
parts you can see and touch.


The term ‘device’ refers to any piece of hardware used by
computer, such as keyboard, monitor, modem etc.

A computer’s hardware devices are categorized as follows:
CPU or Processor
Secondary Storage or Backing Storage
Input Devices
Output Devices
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
CPU or Processor

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The Processor is also called CPU. CPU stands for Central
Processing Unit.
CPU is also called brain or heart of computer.
It manages all the devices and performs the actual processing
of data, means all processing, manipulating, mathematical,
logical operations and temporary storage are done by CPU.
It has the following three parts:
◦ Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
◦ Control Unit (CU)
◦ Memory Unit
ALU: ALU performs all the arithmetic and logic operations.
CU: Control Unit is responsible for coordinating all the
operations of the entire computer system. It also arranges to
get programs instructions from memory, interprets them and
has the desired action performed.
Memory

Memory is a storage area where all the programs and required data are
stored.

Two Types.
◦ Main Memory / Primary Memory
◦ Secondary Memory / Backing Storage

 Main Memory: used to hold programs and data, that the
processor is actively working with.

Main Memory is not used for long-term storage.

Main Memory consists of RAM and ROM.
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RAM: Ram is used for storing temporary data during the working of
computer. RAM stands for Random Access Memory. It is a volatile memory
means it hold data only while the computer is on. Once the computer is
off, all the data in RAM will be erased.

ROM: Rom stores permanent data or instructions that are provided by
manufacture at the time of purchase. This contains mostly instructions
for starting the computer. ROM stands for Read Only Memory means it
cannot be erased and we cannot store or write over it.
Secondary Memory
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used to hold programs and data for long term use.
Examples of secondary memory are cd-rom, floppy disks, USB
flash drives etc.
considered as non-volatile storage.
Comparison between main memory and secondary
memory
I/o devices:

The Input / output devices are necessary for human beings to
interacts with computers.
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Input Devices: The input devices are used to feed data and
programs into computer.

Input devices accept data and instructions from the user or from
another computer system.

Data and instructions must enter the computer system before any
computation can be performed on the data. This task is performed by
the input unit.
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The following functions are performed by an input unit.
i.
It accepts data from outside world through an input device.
ii.
Convert these data into computer usable form.
iii.
Supplies the converted data to computer for processing.

Some examples of input devices are Keyboard, Mouse, Trackball,
Light Pen, voice synthesizer etc.
I/o devIces cont….
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i.
ii.
iii.
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Output Devices:
Output devices return processed
data back to the user or to another computer system.
The job of an output unit is just reverse of an input unit.
Following functions are performed by an output unit.
It accepts the result produced by computer (CPU).
It converts these coded result to human acceptable(readable)
form.
It supplies the converted results to the user through an output
device.
Some examples of output devices are Monitor and Printer.
HARDWARE COMPONENTS
ALU
INPUT
OUTPUT
CU
MEMORY
Software
Software (also called programs) consists of organized set of
instructions for controlling the computer. Software is also
called intangible part of a computer.
OR
 Software is a set of electronic instructions that tells the
computer how to do certain tasks. A set of instructions is
often called a program.
 The two most common types of programs or software are
system software and application software.
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System Software
System software are consists of programs that controls the overall
operations of system.
 System software are used to help the computer to perform specific
functions
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System software are needed to keep all the hardware and software
systems running together smoothly.
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One major type of system software is the operating system (OS).

The OS tells the computer how to interact with the user and its own
devices.

Examples: Operating Systems like Linux, Windows, Unix, Solaris,
MacOS.
Application Software

Software that are create to perform a specific function is called
Application software.
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Application Software are used by people to get their work done.
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Application software tells the computer how to accomplish tasks
the user requires, such as creating a document or editing a
graphic image.
Some important kinds of application software are:
Word Processor, Game programs, Spreadsheets programs, Database
programs etc.
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Basic operations of computer:

All computer systems perform the following five basic operations,
for converting raw data into the information, which are:

Inputting: The process of entering data and instructions into the
computer system.
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Storing: Saving data and instructions to make them readily
available for initial or additional processing as when required.
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Processing: Performing arithmetic operations or logical
operations on data to convert them into a useful information.
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Outputting: The process of producing useful information or
result for the user, such as visual display or printed report.
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Controlling: Directing the manner and sequence in which all
the above operations are performed.