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Plan #8 Orthopnea Severity level: 3 Information for this plan has been obtained from Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthopnea Assumed congestive heart failure Similar to paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, however this symptom occurs imminently when the patient lies down; measured by number of pillows the patient needs to breathe normally - symptom is assumed to be directly caused by the increasing amounts of fluid entering the lung during sleep and filling the alveoli (which is pulmonary edema), see pulmonary edema plan - it is often due to left ventricular heart failure and/or pulmonary edema; of course, right heart failure might also exacerbate symptoms - other causes are: asthma, chronic bronchitis, sleep apnea, panic attacks, also with polycystic liver disease - the cause has to be treated, direct treatment direct involves patient sleeping in more upright position End plan #8