Download structure 2 - Blog Stikom

WRITTEN EXPRESSION
QUESTIONS
PROBLEMS WITH THE FORM OF THE
VERB
BASE
FORM
PRESENT PRESENT PAST
PARTICIPLE
PAST
PARTICIPLE
walk
hear
cook
sing
come
begin
walk(s)
hear(s)
cook(s)
sing(s)
come(s)
begin(s)
walked
heard
cooked
sung
came
begun
walking
hearing
cooking
singing
coming
beginning
walked
heard
cooked
sang
came
began
AFTER HAVE, USE THE PAST
PARTICIPLE
They had walk* to school. (Should be had walked)
We have see* the show. (Should be have seen)
He has took* the test.
(Should be has taken)
Having ate*, he went to school. (Should be
Having eaten)
My friend sung* in the choir. (Should be sang or
has sung)
AFTER BE, USE THE PRESENT
PARTICIPLE OR THE PAST PARTICIPLE
We are do* our homework. (should be are
doing)
The homework was do* early. (should be
was done)
Tom is take* the book. (should be is taking)
The book was take* by Tom. (should be
was taken)
AFTER WILL, WOULD, OR OTHER MODALS,
USE THE BASE FORM OF THE VERB
VERBS FORMS AFTER MODALS
MODAL
(will, would, shall, should, can,
BASE FORM
+ OF THE VERB
could, may, might, must)
The boat will leaving* at 3:00. (should be will leave)
The doctor may arrives* soon. (should be may
arrive)
PROBLEMS WITH THE USE OF THE
VERB
SKILL 20: KNOW WHEN TO USE THE
PAST WITH THE PRESENT
He took* the money when he wants* it.
• He took the money when he wanted it.
• He takes the money when he wants it.
• I know that he took the money yesterday.
SKILL 20: KNOW WHEN TO USE THE
PAST WITH THE PRESENT
Carrie Chapman Catt organized the
(A)
League of Women Voters after
(B)
successfully campaign for the
(C)
constitutional amendment that gave
(D)
women the right to vote.
SKILL 20: KNOW WHEN TO USE THE
PAST WITH THE PRESENT
Carrie Chapman Catt organized the
(A)
League of Women Voters after
(B)
successfully campaign for the
(C)
constitutional amendment that gave
(D)
women the right to vote.
SKILL 21: USE THE CORRECT TENSE
WITH TIME EXPRESSIONS
• We moved to New York in 1980.
• We had left there by 1990.
• We have lived in San Francisco since
1999.
• She got a job two years ago.
• She started working last week.
• She has worked very hard lately.
SKILL 21: USE THE CORRECT TENSE
WITH TIME EXPRESSIONS
In 1776 to 1800, the population of the U.S.
(A)
(B)
continued to rise, reaching five million
(C)
(D)
citizens by the turn of the century.
SKILL 21: USE THE CORRECT TENSE
WITH TIME EXPRESSIONS
In 1776 to 1800, the population of the U.S.
(A)
(B)
continued to rise, reaching five million
(C)
(D)
citizens by the turn of the century.
( from…to..)
PROBLEMS WITH PASSIVE VERBS
USE THE CORRECT FORM OF THE
PASSIVE
The portrait was painting* by a famous artist.
(should be was painted)
The project will finished* by Tim.
(should be will be finished)
PROBLEMS WITH NOUNS
USE THE CORRECT SINGULAR OR PLURAL NOUN
On the table there were many dish* (dishes)
The lab assistant finished every tests*. (test)
KEY WORDS FOR SINGULAR AND PLURAL NOUNS
For Singular Nouns each
every
For Plural Nouns
two
both
single
many
one
a
several various
SKILL 24: DISTINGUISH COUNTABLE
AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
• Countable nouns are individual objects, people,
places, etc. which can be counted.
For example: books, Italians, pictures, stations, men.
A countable noun can be both singular - a friend, a
house, etc. - or plural - a few apples, lots of trees, etc.
• Uncountable nouns are materials, concepts,
information, etc. which are not individual objects and
can not be counted.
For example: information, water, understanding,
wood, cheese, etc.
Uncountable nouns are always singular.
Uncountable Nouns
accommodation
advice
baggage
bread
equipment
furniture
garbage
information
knowledge
luggage
money
news
pasta
progress
research
travel
work
KEY WORDS FOR COUNTABLE AND
UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
For Countable Nouns
many number
few
For Uncountable
Nouns
much amount
little
fewer
less
SKILL 25: DISTINGUISH THE
PERSON FROM THE THING
• Ralph Nader is an authorization* in the
field of consumer affairs. (should be
authority)
• There are many job opportunities in
accountant*. (should be accounting)
DISTINGUISH THE PERSON FROM
THE THING
Noun (thing) Endings
Noun (person)
Endings
-ism
-nce
-ness
-ion
-ment
-age
-ship
-er
-or
-ist
-ian
:socialism
:excellence
:sadness
:information
:government
:marriage
:friendship
:employer
:actor
:tourist
:musician
PROBLEMS WITH PRONOUNS
Pronouns are words, such as he, she, or it,
that take the place of nouns.
When you see a pronoun in written
expression questions on the TOEFL test, you
need to check that it serves the correct
function in the sentence (as a subject or
object, for example) and that it agrees with
the noun it is replacing.
SKILL 26: DISTINGUISH POSSESSIVE
ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUNS
• They lent me their book.
ADJECTIVE
• They lent me theirs.
PRONOUN
Each morning they read theirs* newspapers.
(should be their)
Could you give me your*? (should be yours)
DISTINGUISH POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES
AND PRONOUNS
POSSESSIVE
ADJECTIVES
POSSESSIVE
PRONOUNS
my
your
his
her
its
our
their
mine
yours
his
hers
ours
theirs
must be accompanied cannot be accompanied
by a noun
by a noun
SKILL 27: CHECK PRONOUN
REFERENCE FOR AGREEMENT
• The boys will cause trouble if you let
him*.(should be them)
• Everyone must give their* name.(should be
his or her)
PROBLEMS WITH ADJECTIVES AND
ADVERBS
Adjective Endings
-ent
-ant
-ful
-ic
-less
-ive
-ous
-al
-able
-ible
: excellent
: important
: careful
: economic
: careless
: expensive
: dangerous
: natural
: capable
: possible
Adverb Endings
-ly : recently
USE BASIC ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS
CORRECTLY
Adjectives have only one job: they describe nouns
or pronouns.
She is a beautiful woman.
adj.
She
Pronoun
is beautiful.
adj.
Noun
USE BASIC ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS
CORRECTLY
Adverbs do three different things. They describe
verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs.
She sings beautifully
verb
adv.
She is a beautifully dressed woman.
adv.
Adj.
Noun
She is a truly beautifully dressed woman.
adv
adv.
Adj.
noun
SKILL 28: USE ADJECTIVES AFTER
LINKING VERBS
She spoke nicely
VERB
ADV
She looks nice
SUB
ADJ.
Linking verbs:
appear
feel
be
look
become
prove
He seems unusually nice.
S
Adv.
seem
smell
taste
Adj.
SKILL 29: POSITION ADJECTIVES AND
ADVERBS CORRECTLY
The information important* is on the first page.
NOUN
ADJ.
He has taken recently* an English course
ADV.
OBJECT
An adverb that describes a verb cannot come between
the verb and its object.
Recently he has taken an English course.
He has recently taken an English course.
He has taken an English course recently.
MORE PROBLEMS WITH ADJECTIVES
SKILL 30: RECOGNIZE –LY ADJECTIVES
-LY ADJECTIVES
costly
early
friendly
kindly
likely
lively
lonely
manly
daily
hourly
monthly
nightly
quarterly
weekly
yearly
lovely
northerly
easterly
southerly
westerly
SKILL 31: USE PREDICATE
ADJECTIVES CORRECTLY
The snake on the rock was alive.
The alive* snake was lying on the rock. (should be live)
PREDICATE ADJECTIVES
FORMS USED IN FRONT OF A
PREDICATE ADJECTIVES
NOUN
alike
alive
alone
afraid
asleep
like, similar
live, living
lone
frightened
sleeping
A predicate adjective appears after a linking verb such as be. It cannot
appear directly in front of the noun that it describes.
SKILL 32: USE –ED AND –ING
ADJECTIVES CORRECTLY
The woman cleans the car.
VERB
The cleaning woman worked on the car.
ADJECTIVE
The woman put the cleaned car back in the garage.
ADJECTIVE
The cleaning* car…(should be cleaned)
The cleaned* woman… (should be cleaning)
-ED AND –ING ADJECTIVES
TYPE
MEANING
USE
EXAMPLE
-ING
active
It does the
action of the
verb.
…the happily
playing children…
(the children play.)
-ED
passive
It receives the
action of the
verb.
..the frequently
played record…
(Someone plays the
record.)
PROBLEMS WITH ARTICLES
ARTICLES
COUNTABLE
SINGULAR
NOUNS
COUNTABLE
PLURAL
NOUNS
UNCOUNTABLE
NOUNS
INDEFINITE
(general)
a dollar
an apple
_____dollars
_____apples
____money
____juice
DEFINITE
(Specific)
the dollar
the apple
the dollars
the apples
the money
the juice
SKILL 33: USE ARTICLES WITH
SINGULAR NOUNS
• I have money.
needed)
(uncountable- no article
• I have books.
article needed)
(countable plural- no
• I have a book.
article needed)
(countable singular-
DISTINGUISH A AND AN
A AND AN
A
A is used in front of a singular noun with a
consonant sound.
Ex: a book, a man, a page
AN
An is used in front of a singular noun with a
vowel sound.
Ex: an orange, an illness, an automobile
Be careful of nouns beginning with H or U. They may
have a vowel or consonant sound.
MAKE ARTICLES AGREE WITH NOUNS
He saw a* new movies.
- He saw a new movie. (singular)
- He saw new movies. (plural)
AGREEMENT OF ARTICLES WITH NOUNS
You should never use a or an with a plural
noun.
DISTINGUISH SPECIFIC AND GENERAL IDEAS
Tom will bring the book tomorrow.
(There is one specific book that Tom will bring tomorrow.)
Tom will bring a book tomorrow.
(Tom will bring any one book).
SPECIFIC AND GENERAL IDEAS
ARTICLE MEANING
USES
A or AN
general idea Use when there are many, and you do not know
which one it is.
Use when there are many, and you do not care
which one it is.
THE
specific idea Use when it is the only one.
Use when there are many, and you know which
one it is.
PROBLEMS WITH PREPOSITIONS
• Prepositions in a literal way
The boy ran up the hill. (The boy went in
the direction up rather than down)
• In the idiomatic use
I call up my friend. (to call up someone
means to telephone someone)
He succeeded in passing the course.
SKILL 34: RECOGNIZE WHEN PREPOSITIONS
HAVE BEEN OMITTED
• Can you wait* me after the game?
(wait for me)
• I plan* attending the meeting.
(plan on attending)
PROBLEM WITH USAGE
United States paper money is all like
(A)
in that it is all printed with the face of a
(B)
(C)
famous person such as Washington,
(D)
Lincoln, or Franklin.
PROBLEM WITH USAGE
United States paper money is all like
(A)
in that it is all printed with the face of a
(B)
(C)
famous person such as Washington,
(D)
Lincoln, or Franklin.
Answer: alike
References
Phillips, Deborah. 2001. Longman Complete
Course for the TOEFL Test. New York:
Addison-Wesley Longman, Inc.
and
Any sources from the internet and books