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Current status and problems of
forest management, and Climate
Change in Mongolia
D.Tsendsuren
Institute of Geoecology
Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Mongolia
Context
 Introduction
 Climate Change in Mongolia
 Impact of Desertification
 Deforestation and reforestation
 Some results in case our study
 Forest management plan and NEAP
 Policies and measures on adaptation
to climate change
 Adaptation measures in forestry
 Recommendation
Geographical zones of Mongolia
Forest map of Mongolia
Introduction
Mongolia has relatively low forest cover (FAO) with just over 8 percent of
the country covered by forests. The forests are mainly located in the
north-central parts of the country, forming a transition zone between the
Great Siberian boreal forest and the Central Asian steppe desert.
Due to the relatively harsh Central Asian
climate: predominantly dry and windy
weather with a short growing season, the
Mongolian forest’s rate of growth is slow.
Mongolia’s forests provide a multitude of
mitigative functions with respect to climate
change
and
other
environmental
problems, watershed protection, in
regulating the water regime in mountain
areas,
playing
important
role
in
preservation of permafrost in its
ecologically important form.
Total land area (th.km2)
1564
Total forest land area (th.km2)
185 (11.8%)
Closed forest area (th.km2)
129
Forest cover (by %)
8.26
Average stand stock (m3/ ha)
107.5
Forest logging
 Specially illegal tree
logging is main factor
of
ecosystem
disturbance
in
northern
Mongolia.
Negative impact of
deforestation
is
cooperated with land
degradation,
water
resource
depletion
etc.,
Larch stands affected by harmful insects
Gold mining and Desertification
30% of the degraded land
due to mining, and geological
exploration is rehabilitated at
some level.
Surface mining (Gold) in forest areas
Temperature and Precipitation Changes
in Mongolia
Fig 1. Continuous change in Mongolia’s
climate has been observed in recent years:
between 1940-2007, the air temperature rose
by 2.10C , by 1.9-2.280 С in the mountain
region and by 1.60 -1.70 С in the Gobi and
steppe regions.
Fig 1. Trend of average year temperature
Fig 2. Mongolia’s total annual rainfall has de
creased by 1.7-12.5% in the Gobi region with
in the last 68 years, and increased by 3.5-9.3
% in the eastern and western regions.
Fig 2. Trend of total annual precipitation
Frequency of Drought
Desertification map, 2007
Percentage, %
Desertification rate
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1990
2000
Slightly
Moderately
Severe
Very severe
Extra arid desert zone
2006
Deforestation and reforestation
Public participation in tree planting
After 10 years, in 2012
Reforestation activity
 Mongolian government is paying
more
attention
to
expand
reforestation activity due to reduce
negative impact of deforestation and
combating desertification and land
degradation
The ‘Green belt’ program National
initiative to combat desertification
 Initiated by the Mongolian government in 2005

The main objectives are to:
decrease the negative influence of climate change
and reduce land degradation, sand and dust storms
 Strengthen the national capacity on environmental
protection through raising public awareness in tree
planting
 Maintain arid ecosystem sustainability

Green Belt for Gobi Desert and Steppe Regions
in Mongolia
Afforestation in Gobi region
Nursery Development in Gobi region
Implementing project
• Desertification dynamics and its trend 2004-2008 (MG)
• Desertification in settlement area in Mongolia (MG 2007-2010)
• Sustainable land management for combating desertification
(promoting of UNDP, by finance Nederland Government)
• WOCAT (Swiss Cooperation Agency)
• Rehabilitating desert zone ecosystems and promoting sustainable
alternative livelihood in Gobi protected areas buffer zones and
peripheral communities in Mongolia (Institute for Global
Environmental Strategies, Japan)
• Since 2003 Korean Government Agencies, research institutions,
NGOs and private organizations are supporting for combating
desertification and reforestation in Mongolia.
Forest Management Plan and NEAP
 In 2010, Forest management plan 2011-2015 of Mongolia
developed clearly including forest utilization, rehabilitation
and protection and funded by Mongolian Government.
 In 2011, the draft National Environmental Action Plan-
2011-2021 (NEAP) of Mongolia has been developed
through the initiative of the Ministry of Nature,
Environment and Tourism, with the assistance and close
coordination of the World Bank within the activity of the
“Environmental reform (”NEMO2 /Netherland-Mongolia
Trust Fund) project.
Adaptation policies and measures
to climate change
a. Improve forest management
The following major mitigation options have been identified for
the forestry sector. 1) Natural regeneration; 2) Plantation
forestry; 3) Agro-forestry; 4) Shelter belts; and 5) Bioelectricity;
b. Reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation,
improve sustainable management of forests and enhance
forest carbon stocks in Mongolian forest sector
There are a certain amount of potential for the reduction of GHG
emission from deforestation and forest degradation in Mongolia.
Therefore, it is possible to initiate and implement a REDD
project in Mongolia through reforestation activities by
community based forest management improvement and
sustainable use of forest resources.
Adaptation measures in forestry
 Organizing afforestation activities in at least 12 thousand ha areas in a year and
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implementation of the Government 'Green Belt' program on land of at least 200
ha.
Ensuring tree and bush seed production of at least 5 tons and plant 30 million
seedlings per year
Conducting a forest insects and diseases distribution survey in 1,200 thousand
ha and implement actions against harmful forest insects and diseases in 68.5
thousand hectares of land in a year.
Regulation of the limit of annual logging. Logging areas can be established as
20-30 thousand hectares per year in relation to tree types, their number and
capacity.
Strengthening forest fire prevention and fighting system.
Introduction of enhanced forestry management methods. Community ownership
on 20 percent of the total forest fund by local communities and forestry groups
should be established in order to ensure forest protection restoration and proper
utilization of forest resources, etc.
Main implementation measures for
establishing National Forest Monitoring
System of Mongolia
1. Field monitoring system of validation of
satellite images
2. Multipurpose National Forest Resources
Inventory
3. Greenhouse inventory gas from Land use
and Land-use changes and Forestry
Multipurpose Forest Resources
Inventory of Mongolia, 2014 (REDD+)
1. Carbon Pool Assessment
•
Pool 1 Above Ground Biomass
•
Pool 2 Below Ground Biomass
•
Pool 3 Dead Wood
•
Pool 4 Litter Layer and Humus Layer
•
Pool 5 Soil Carbon
2. Forest Management Strategy and Policy Use
3. Biomass estimation and Timber Volume
4. Assessment of Age and Volume Increment
5. Biodiversity
6. Forest Types
7. Preparatory Studies
8. Forest Mapping by tree species and forested area
Recommendations
 To restructure and strength forestry institutions at central and local level (The
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feasibility of establishing an autonomous forestry board, and how it can be
established and structured, is a matter for consideration).
To formulate an appropriately phased and structured long term National Forestry
Program for Mongolia to guide the sustainable forestry development of the country.
To consider the linkage of policy, legislation, programs and their implementing
mechanisms.
The present system of forestland use should be reviewed in connection with forest
conservation and protection in the country and to establish effective and efficient
participation of local community organizations in forestry development, through
rational resource allocation and appropriate arrangements.
To establish an appropriately developed, structured and balanced enterprise system,
financial system, social protection system and environmental protection system.
To enhance the country’s capability in the field of forestry development, including
the need to strengthen and restructure institutions engaged in forestry research and
the need to improve facilities for forestry education and training.
Thank you for your
attention