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Biology Study Guide
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CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE
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Organization: living things are made up of cells  tissues  organs  …
Reproduction: ASEXUAL: single parent cell; budding/fission, mitosis; SEXUAL: 2 parent cells; meiosis
Universal Genetic Code: DNA, amino acids
Growth and Development: during one’s lifetime; baby  adult
Metabolism: obtain and use materials and energy
Stimulus and Response: respond to environment, reaction to various stimuli
Homeostasis: maintain a stable internal environment
Adapt and Evolve: adaptations are genetic; species evolve as a POPULATION or group
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SCIENCE LAB SKILLS
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Scientific Method: Observation  Hypothesis  Experiment  Data  Conclusion; Repeat
Independent Variable: changed by the scientist
-amount of water
Dependent Variable: changes in response to independent variable
-plant growth
Control Variable: kept constant; used for comparison
-plant type, soil, potting
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STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF LIVING ORGANISMS
Bio.1.1 Understand the relationship between the structures and functions of cells and their organelles.
Bio.1.2 Analyze the cell as a living system.
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Bio.1.1.1 Summarize the structure and function of organelles in eukaryotic cells (including the nucleus, plasma membrane, cell wall, mitochondria,
vacuoles, chloroplasts, and ribosomes) and ways that these organelles interact with each other to perform the function of the cell.
Cell: basic unit of living things
Cell Theory: 1. All organisms composed of cells 2. Cell=basic unit of life 3. Cells come from other cells
Plasma membrane: selectively permeable=control movement in/out; phospholipid bilayer; fluid mosaic
Nucleus: control center
Cytoplasm: surrounds organelles
Ribosomes: protein synthesis
Lysosome: cleans cell
Mitochondria: makes ATP
ER: lipids/proteins for transport, export
Cytoskeleton: support
Vacuoles: storage
Cell Wall: cellulose, support/structure
Golgi apparatus: modify/sort/package stuff from the ER
Chloroplast: green/photosynthesis
Bio.1.1.2 Compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells in terms of their general structures (plasma membrane and genetic material) and degree of
complexity.
Compound Microscope: oculars, stage, diaphragm, objectives, base, light, arm, coarse/fine adjustment
Electron Microscope: see within a cell! Very advanced!
Prokaryotes: no nucleus; no membrane-bound organelles; bacteria; less complex
Eukaryotes: nucleus; membrane-bound organelles; more complex  specialized!!; YOU are EUkaryotic!
Plant cells: big vacuole, cell wall, chloroplasts = green!
Animal cells: no cell wall or chloroplasts!
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Bio.1.1.3 Explain how instructions in DNA lead to cell differentiation and result in cells specialized to perform specific functions in multicellular
organisms.
Differentiation: undifferentiated cells become specialized when specific parts of DNA are activated; influenced by
environment (all cells have same DNA and chromosomes; only certain genes are “activated” in each cell)
Multicellular organisms: begin as a ball of cells; cells differentiate; cells release chemical signals to influence
development/activity
Bio.1.2.1 Explain how homeostasis is maintained in the cell and within an organism in various environments (including temperature and pH).
Solution: one substance dissolved in another; solute and solvent: ex. salt, water
pH: # that measures how acidic or basic; scale of 0-14; 7=neutral; ex. water
Acid: forms Hydrogen ions in water (H+); between 0 and 7; ex. hydrochloric acid, coke
Base: forms Hydroxide ions in water (OH-); between 7 and 14; ex. bleach, ammonia
buffer: controls pH, minimizes change in pH
Diffusion: movement from HIGH to LOW concentration
Osmosis: diffusion of water; water always moves to greater solute concentration!
Isotonic solution: solute concentrations are equal inside and outside: no change in cell
Hypotonic solution: more solute inside than outside; water rushes in: cell swells/bursts/lyses
Hypertonic solution: more solute outside than inside; water rushes out: cell shrinks/shrivels
Turgor pressure: hypotonic solution; pressure of water, gives plant shape/ability to stand
Plasmolysis: hypertonic; loss of pressure, cells shrink and plant wilts; animal cells shrivel
Plasma membrane: phospholipid bilayer, regulates what enters/leaves cell, semi/selectively permeable membrane
Carrier proteins: in plasma membrane; change shape to move molecules through
Channel proteins: in plasma membrane; create opening for molecules to move through
Facilitated diffusion: proteins help large molecules across membrane; no E; uses concentration gradient
Passive transport: no energy or assistance required for transport across membrane; water/lipids
Active transport: requires energy or assistance for transport across membrane; endo/exocytosis
Bio.1.2.2 Analyze how cells grow and reproduce in terms of interphase, mitosis and cytokinesis.
Surface Area: Volume: volume increases faster than cell’s surface area
Effects: slows diffusion rate; rate that DNA can make enough proteins
The Cell Cycle: Interphase and Mitosis; cell growth and division; I-P-M-A-T Song!
Interphase: cell growth
Mitosis: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase; cell division
Cytokinesis: after telophase; cytoplasm divides
Enzymes: control cell cycle
Cancer: excessive cell division
Sister Chromatids: exact copy of a chromosome; separate during anaphase; connected by centromere
Centrioles: structures that aid in separation of sister chromatids; “Spiderman”
Spindle Fibers: microtubules branching from centrioles; pull apart chromatids; “Spiderman’s web”
Bio.1.2.3 Explain how specific cell adaptations help cells survive in particular environments (focus on unicellular organisms).
Contractile vacuole: contracts and removes water from the cell/organism
Cilia and Flagella: structures of the cell for locomotion; cilia are hair-like and beat together; flagella=tail-like for propulsion
Pseudopods: “false foot,” projection for cell that allows for movement; ex. Amoeba
Eyespots: pigmented spot that detects light for the cell/organism; helps it find light; good for photosynthesis; ex. Euglena
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Taxis/Taxes: response toward or away from a stimuli
Chemotaxis: response to chemicals; positive response = moves toward chem.; negative response = moves away from chem.
Phototaxis: response to chemicals; positive response = moves toward light; negative response = moves away from light
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ECOSYSTEMS AND HUMAN/ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS
Bio.2.1 Analyze the interdependence of living organisms within their environments.
Bio.2.2 Understand the impact of human activities on the environment (one generation to the next).
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Bio.2.1.1 Analyze the flow of energy and cycling of matter (water, carbon, nitrogen and oxygen) through ecosystems relating the significance of each to
maintaining the health and sustainability of an ecosystem.
Ecological levels: Individual (species)  Population  Community  Ecosystem  Biome  Biosphere
Ecology: study of how organisms interact with each other and the environment
Abiotic Factors: nonliving; climate, weather, soil, temperature, etc.
Biotic Factors: living; plants, animals, etc.
Biosphere: part of Earth that supports life; all life!!!
Biome: group of ecosystems with dominant climate and communities; terrestrial and aquatic
freshwater, marine (photic/aphotic), estuary, salt marsh, intertidal zone, tundra, taiga, desert, grasslands, temperate forest,
tropical rainforest, tropical dry forest, savannah, etc.
Ecosystem: populations interacting with each other and the environment
Community: group of populations
Population: group of organisms from same species living together
Species: group of individuals that can successfully interbreed
Habitat: where an organism lives
Niche: role and position in its environment
Sun: ultimate source of all ENERGY!
grassmousesnakehawk
Food Chain/Web: shows flow of energy through an ecosystem; arrows = direction of energy flow
Trophic level: levels of food chain; energy and biomass decrease as you go up; 10% to each level
ProducersPrimary consumersSecondary consumersTertiary consumers…
Autotroph: makes own food; photosynthesis or chemosynthesis; producers; plants
Heterotroph: consumes other organisms; consumers; omnivore, herbivore, carnivore; decomposer
Carbon cycle: respiration/photosynthesis; burning fossil fuels; carbon dioxide (<1 % atmosphere)
Nitrogen cycle: denitrification-N gas; nitrogen fixation-usable forms of N; lightning/bacteria
Water cycle: evaporation, condensation, precipitation, transpiration (leaves of plants)
Bio.2.1.2 Analyze the survival and reproductive success of organisms in terms of behavioral, structural, and reproductive adaptations.
Behavior: way an organism reacts to changes
Stimulus: signal that carries information; can be detected; ex. hunger or thirst
Response: specific reaction to stimulus; ex. eat or drink
Innate Behavior: instinct; inborn, fully functional 1st time performed; ex. babies nursing
Ex. courtship, fight or flight, territoriality, aggression, circadian rhythm, migration,
hibernation/estivation, parental care, pheromones/language/sound signals
Learned Behavior: altered behavior as a result of experience; ex. monkeys use sticks to climb out of cage at zoo
Ex. insight learning, habituation, operant and classical conditioning (Pavlov’s dog)
Pavlov: food = dog salivates; food & bell = salivate; bell = salivates
Adaptation: genetic trait that gives an organism an advantage in its environment
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Bio.2.1.3 Explain various ways organisms interact with each other (including predation, competition, parasitism, mutualism) and with their
environments resulting in stability within ecosystems.
Symbiosis: organisms live together and interact regularly with each other
Commensalism – one benefits, one unaffected (+, 0); Spanish moss in trees
Mutualism – both benefit (+, +); ants and acacia tree, teeth cleaner birds/alligators
Parasitism – one benefits, one harmed (+, -); tick on a dog, tapeworms
Exponential Growth: # of organisms increases by a constantly increasing rate; J-shaped curve
R-selected: grow out of control, many offspring, short life span, small; ex. mice, weeds, bacteria
Logistic Growth: growth slows or stops following a period of exponential growth; S-shaped curve
K-selected: grow to K; few offsping/care, longer life span, large; ex. elephants, primates
Carrying capacity: K; maximum # of organisms the habitat can support
Bio.2.1.4 Explain why ecosystems can be relatively stable over hundreds or thousands of years, even though populations may fluctuate (emphasizing
availability of food, availability of shelter, number of predators and disease).
Limiting Factors: any factor that limits the #’s, existence, reproduction, or distribution of organisms
Density-Dependent: affect large populations; disease/parasites, competition, predation, crowding/stress
Density-Independent: affect all populations; abiotic factors – flood, hurricanes, drought, habitat loss
Bio.2.2.1 Infer how human activities (including population growth, pollution, global warming, burning of fossil fuels, habitat destruction and
introduction of nonnative species) may impact the environment.
Bio.2.2.2 Explain how the use, protection and conservation of natural resources by humans impact the environment from one generation to the next.
Demography: human populations; birth/death rate; fertility rate; age structure diagram;
emigration/immigration
Biodiversity: variety of life; 2/3 in tropical rainforest; natural resource = food, food chains, medicines
Extinction: disappearance of a species; natural or human-caused; Stellar’s sea cow
Endangered species: population close to extinction; Black rhinoceros
Threatened species: rapid decline of population; African elephants
Invasive/Exotic species: non-native species live and thrive in new habitat; ex. Cane toads!
Habitat Loss: destruction of habitat; Ex. clear cutting a forest
Habitat Fragmentation: breaking up a habitat; Ex. interstate cut through a forest
Habitat Degradation: damage by pollution; air/water/land pollution, ozone, global warming
Edge Effect: edges of habitat are affected; Ex. partially cleared forest
Biological Magnification/Bioaccumulation: concentrations of a harmful substance increase at higher trophic levels; DDT
Conservation: US ESA, cites, parks/rec., sustainable use, habitat corridors, reintroduction programs
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GENETICS AND EVOLUTION
Bio.3.1 Explain how traits are determined by the structure and function of DNA.
Bio.3.2 Understand how the environment, and/or the interaction of alleles, influences the expression of genetic traits.
Bio.3.3 Understand the application of DNA technology.
Bio.3.4 Explain the theory of evolution by natural selection as a mechanism for how species change over time.
Bio 3.5 Analyze how classification systems are developed based upon speciation.
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Bio.3.1.1 Explain the double-stranded, complementary nature of DNA as related to its function in the cell.
DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid; double helix; stays in nucleus; Adenine-Thymine, Cytosine-Guanine
Replication: DNA  DNA
(nucleus) (DNA polymerase break H bonds; unzips; complimentary bases)
RNA: ribonucleic acid; single-stranded; leaves the nucleus, Adenine-Uracil, Cytosine-Guanine
mRNA = messenger; tRNA = transfer; carries amino acids; rRNA = ribosomal
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Bio.3.1.2 Explain how DNA and RNA code for proteins and determine traits.
Transcription: DNA  mRNA
(nucleus) (DNA unzips, mRNA nucleotides match up, create single strand)
Translation: mRNA  proteins
(ribosomes) (uses mRNA code to create proteins)
Codon: 3 base sequence on mRNA; code for amino acids
Anticodon: 3 base sequence on tRNA; complimentary to codon
Bio.3.1.3 Explain how mutations in DNA that result from interactions with the environment (i.e. radiation and chemicals) or new combinations
in existing genes lead to changes in function and phenotype.
Mutations: any change in DNA sequence; frameshift –addition or deletion, point; can alter protein type/function
Mutagen: anything that causes a mutation in DNA: exposure to chemicals, radiation, environmental factors
Bio.3.2.1 Explain the role of meiosis in sexual reproduction and genetic variation.
Meiosis: 2 divisions; produces haploid gametes; 1 diploid parent  4 haploid daughter cells; Meiosis I and II
Sexual Reproduction: fusion of haploid gametes, VARIETY!
Humans: 46 chromosomes; 23 pairs
Homologous Chromosomes: paired chromosomes with genes for the same trait; 1 from mom and 1 from dad
Crossing over: “switching” genes by homologous chromosomes; end up with new gene combinations, *PROPHASE 1
Tetrad: 4 part structure made of a pair of homologous chromosomes
Aneuploidy: abnormal number of chromosomes
Nondisjunction: chromosomes fail to separate correctly; Ex. Trisomy 21-Down’s Syndrome; Monosomy
Polyploidy: more than 2 sets of chromosomes; common in plants
Bio.3.2.2 Predict offspring ratios based on a variety of inheritance patterns (including dominance, co-dominance, incomplete dominance, multiple
alleles, and sex-linked traits).
Allele: particular form of a gene; one from mom, one from dad
Law of Segregation: All organisms have 2 alleles for each gene
Law of Independent Assortment: Alleles are inherited independently from each other; VARIETY!
Homozygous: 2 of the same alleles for a trait; AA or aa
Heterozygous: 2 different alleles for a trait; Aa
Dominant: Aa, AA; phenotype always expressed: heterozygous and homozygous
Recessive: aa; phenotype only expressed when homozygous
Test Cross: determines genotypes of parents
*Punnett Squares
Phenotype: expression of a trait; ex: brown, tall, round
Genotype: combination of alleles; ex: AA, Aa, aa
Codominance: produces both phenotypes; black + white = black/white; BB+WW=BW; no recessive
Incomplete dominance: produces intermediate phenotype; white + red=pink; R’R’+RR=RR’
Polygenic inheritance: 1+ genotypes code for a trait; skin color; AaBBCcDDEe…
Multiple alleles: 2+ alleles exist for the trait in population; blood types: A, B, O
Monohybrid Cross: a cross looking at only 1 gene or trait
Dihybrid Cross: a cross looking at 2 genes or traits at the same time
Gene Linkage: genes are in linkage groups; groups assort independently, not individual genes
Gene Maps: map showing distances between genes
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Pedigree: family tree that shows where alleles for diseases exist
circle-F, square-M, /-death, shaded-affected, half shaded-carrier
Karyotype: chart of chromosome pairs
Autosomes: chromosomes that resemble one another; pairs 1-22
Sex Chromosomes: 23rd pair of chromosomes; XX (female) or XY (male)
Sex-linked traits: traits with alleles on sex chromosomes; usually on the X; colorblindness, hemophilia
XAXA XAXa XaXa XAY XaY
Dominant autosomal heredity: dominant traits on chromosome 1-22; tongue curling, Huntington’s, polydactyly
Recessive autosomal heredity: recessive traits on chromosome 1-22; cystic fibrosis, Tay-sachs, PKU
Bio.3.2.3 Explain how the environment can influence the expression of genetic traits.
Environment: anything outside of or influencing the organism/cell
Tobacco/Smoking: can contribute to lung/mouth cancer (excessive cell division)
Excessive Sun Exposure: skin cancer; vitamin D from sun; sun exposure can reduce folic acid/folate
Diet/exercise; genetic interaction: influences chance of diabetes/different types; heart disease risks/complications
Diet: can prevent someone from developing symptoms of PKU (enzyme disorder/enzyme lacking)
Bio.3.3.1 Interpret how DNA is used for comparison and identification of organisms.
Gel Electrophoresis: “DNA fingerprinting,” electric current, DNA separates by size, can identify unknown
PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction): DNA strands multiplied many times; “copy machine”
Restriction Enzymes: cut DNA; “scissors” in preparation for gel electrophoresis
Bio.3.3.2 Summarize how transgenic organisms are engineered to benefit society.
Bio.3.3.3 Evaluate some of the ethical issues surrounding the use of DNA technology (including cloning, genetically modified organisms, stem cell
research, and Human Genome Project).
Transgenic organism: contain inserted foreign DNA; bacteria with human insulin; can provide medicines for humans
Gene Therapy: healthy foreign DNA inserted into cell with unhealthy DNA
Cloning: making a copy of an individual
Human Genome Project: analysis of human DNA sequence; 35-40,000 genes/chromosome
Stem Cells: undifferentiated cells (embryonic or adult) that can become differentiated/specialized for intentional purposes,
research, etc.
Bio.3.4.1 Explain how fossil, biochemical, and anatomical evidence support the theory of evolution.
Bio.3.4.2 Explain how natural selection influences the changes in species over time.
Spontaneous Generation: nonliving material produces life
Biogenesis: living organisms only from other living organisms
Early life on Earth: anaerobic prokaryotic photosynthetic  eukaryotic multicellular
Lamarck: selective use or disuse of organs; lose or acquire within a lifetime; giraffe neck
Darwin: naturalist; Galapagos Islands; Natural Selection – Descent with Modification; Origin of Species
*Natural Selection: “survival of the fittest,” most fit survive to reproduce and pass on genes
Theory of Evolution: change over time; change in existing species or appearance of new species
Fossils: physical evidence for comparison of organisms through time
Predator/Prey Relationships
Mimicry: imitating another organism or trait for defense; mimic octopus
Camouflage: blending in with environment; chameleon
Structural adaptations: long necks in giraffes; webbed feet in ducks
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Homologous Structures: similar structures; different functions; same evolutionary origin; bones
Analogous Structures: similar functions; different evolutionary origins; wings
Vestigial Structures: no function in present organism; may have had use in ancient organism
Embryology: similar as embryos; similar stages; gill slits in fish, bird, reptile, mammals
Biochemistry: DNA codons universal throughout all life forms
Gene Pool: sum of all alleles in a population
Allele Frequency: frequency that any one allele is seen in a population
Genetic Equilibrium: stable allele frequencies
Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium: in the absence of population decrease, mutation, migration, genetic drift, and nonrandom
selection, allele frequencies remain constant
Gene Flow: alleles brought in/out of a population due to migration; founder effect – change as a result of migration
Genetic Drift: isolated chance events alter gene frequencies in a population; disrupts equilibrium
Stabilizing Selection: natural selection favors the average for a trait; bell-shaped curve
Disruptive Selection: natural selection favors both extreme phenotypes for a trait; m-shaped curve
Directional Selection: natural selection favors one extreme phenotype for a trait; slanted bell curve
Artificial Selection: selection for traits determined or selected by man; ex. dog breeding
Sexual Selection: selection by one gender by another gender; ex. bird feathers, courtship behaviors
Speciation: formation of a new species; successfully interbreed
Geographic Isolation: separation of organisms; adapt to different environments; can no longer breed
Reproductive Isolation: population can no longer breed with parent population; mating calls/courtship
Temporal Isolation: species reproduce at different times; different mating seasons
Punctuated Equilibrium: rapid speciation – periods of rapid change followed by period of equilibrium; Gould
Gradualism: slow speciation at a consistent rate through time; Darwin
Divergent Evolution: species once closely related become very different
Adaptive Radiation: ancestral species evolve into several different species; “fan”
Convergent Evolution: unrelated species in similar environments evolve same adaptations; cacti/deserts
Coevolution: 2 species evolve in response to changes in each other over time; flowering plant/pollinator
Bio.3.4.3 Explain how various disease agents (bacteria, viruses, chemicals) can influence natural selection.
Bacteria: unicellular, divide asexually; can colonize quickly in organisms = sickness, disease; decreases survival chances
Virus: nonliving, inject DNA into host organism for replication = sickness, disease; decreases survival chances
Chemicals: exposure to certain toxins = sickness, disease; decreases survival chances
Rates of natural selection: resistant viruses/bacteria exposed to chemicals can increase rate of natural selection
Bio.3.5.1 Explain the historical development and changing nature of classification systems.
Classification: Kingdom  Phylum  Class  Order  Family  Genus  Species
(KPCOFGS)
Humans: Animalia  Chordata  Mammalia  Primates  Hominidae  Homo  Sapiens
Taxonomy: grouping and naming organisms; Binomial nomenclature: genus and species name; ex. Homo sapiens
Evolutionary Order: anaerobic prokaryotesphotosynthetic prokaryoteseukaryotesmulticellular organisms
3 Domains:
Archaea
6 Kingdoms: Archaebacteria
Bacteria
Eubacteria
Eukarya
Protists, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
Archaebacteria: prokaryotes, harsh environments: deep sea vents, hot springs
Eubacteria: prokaryotes; basic bacteria, live everywhere *majority of prokaryotes
Protista: eukaryotes; no organ systems; live in moist environments
Fungi: eukaryotes; absorbs nutrients from environment for energy; unicellular/multicellular
Plantae: eukaryotes; photosynthesis; multicellular; all plants
Animalia: eukaryotes; heterotrophs; cells-tissues-organs-organ systems
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Bio.3.5.2 Analyze the classification of organisms according to their evolutionary relationships (including dichotomous keys and phylogenetic trees).
Evolutionary Relationships based on:
structural similarities, breeding behavior, geographical distribution, chromosomes, biochemistry
Phylogeny: evolutionary history of a species; phylogenetic tree
Dichotomous Key: sets of questions used to identify an organism (salamanders)
Cladogram: branching diagram showing evolutionary relationships based on derived traits
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MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
Bio.4.1 Understand how biological molecules are essential to the survival of living organisms.
Bio 4.2 Analyze the relationships between biochemical processes and energy use in the cell.
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Bio.4.1.1 Compare the structures and functions of the major biological molecules (carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids) as related to the
survival of living organisms.
Water: H2O, polar molecule; O-, H+; hydrogen bonds; cohesion/adhesion
Organic molecules: Carbon; organic  organism; Proteins, Lipids, Carbohydrates, Nucleic Acids
Proteins: amino acids, peptide bond; CHONS; hair, teeth, carry O2, enzymes = “ase”
Lipids: fats, oils; glycerol+3 fatty acid chains; triglycerides: saturated/unsaturated; plasma membrane phospholipids
Carbohydrates: ENERGY!, sugars; mono, di, polysaccharides; starch (plants), glycogen (animals), cellulose (cell walls)
Nucleic acids: DNA, RNA; made of nucleotides: sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base; code for proteins!!!
Hydrogen + Oxygen  Water
Reactants: substances that enter a reaction
Products: substances produced in a reaction
Bio.4.1.2 Summarize the relationship among DNA, proteins and amino acids in carrying out the work of cells and how this is similar in all
organisms.
*See Bio.3.1.2
Bio.4.1.3: Explain how enzymes act as catalysts for biological reactions.
Enzymes: proteins, reduce activation energy to speed up reactions; reactions with enzymes require less energy than others
Lock and Key Model: enzymes are specific to their rxn., can build up or break down
Denature: heat, pH change shape of enzyme; nonfunctional; cold slows enzyme function; homeostasis=important
Bio.4.2.1: Analyze photosynthesis and cellular respiration in terms of how energy is stored, released, and transferred within and between these
systems.
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
6CO2 + 6H2O + light C6H12O6 + 6O2
Reactants = carbon dioxide, water, light Products = glucose, oxygen
Light-dependent rxns = thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts in leaves of plants
Light-independent rxns (Calvin Cycle) = stroma of chloroplasts in leaves of plants
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
ATP: Adenosine TriPhosphate; Cellular Energy!
6O2 + C6H12O6  6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
Reactants = oxygen, glucose
Products = carbon dioxide, water, up to 36 ATP!
Glycolysis = cytoplasm, 2 ATP, anaerobic – no oxygen
Aerobic: occurs in mitochondria; *AEROBIC RESPIRATION MAKES MORE ATP!
Anaerobic: Fermentation: 2 ATP; Alcoholic - yeast; Lactic Acid - muscle cells; temporary!
Bio.4.2.2: Explain ways that organisms use released energy for maintaining homeostasis (active transport).
*See Bio.1.2.1
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