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Your “Do Now”
3/19
• Take a paper from up front
• Complete the “Before” section, questions 1-5
• Be prepared to share-out
Learning Target
• I can explain how cancer affects an organism
and how cancer can be caused.
Notes #4 Cancer
Cancer
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LEpTTolebqo
• Cancer: disease where cells grow and divide
uncontrollably fast
• It can affect almost any part of the body
• This happens when the genes that regulate
the cell cycle mutate
• After one of these genes has mutated to cause
cancer we call it an oncogene
• Cancer cells are no longer differentiated (no
special function)
• Normal cells are programmed to stop growing
in number but cancer cells DO NOT.
• Instead, they form a tumor (an abnormal
clump of tissue)
Loss of Normal Growth Control
Normal
cell division
Cell Suicide or Apoptosis
Cell damage—
no repair
Cancer
cell division
First
mutation
Second
mutation
Third
mutation
Fourth or
later mutation
Uncontrolled growth
Two types of tumors
1. Benign: tumor that stays in one area
2. Malignant: tumor that can spread into other
areas
Malignant versus Benign Tumors
Benign (not cancer) tumor
cells grow
only in one area
Time
Malignant (cancer) cells
invade neighboring
tissues, enter blood
vessels, and move to
different sites
Metastasis: process of cancer cells
spreading from one area to another
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Cancer in People
What types of cancer
have we heard of?
Leading Sites of New Cancer Cases
and Deaths, 2008 Estimates
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
4 Common Killers
•
•
•
•
Lung Cancer
Breast Cancer
Prostate Cancer (Men only)
Ovarian Cancer (Women only)
Different Kinds of Cancer
Carcinomas:
Lung
Breast
(women)
Colon
Bladder
Prostate
(men)
Leukemias:
Bloodstream
Lymphomas:
Lymph nodes
Sarcomas:
Fat
Bone
Muscle
Stages of cancer
Stage
Definition
Stage 0
Cancer in one particular spot
Stage I, Stage Higher numbers indicate more extensive disease: Larger
II, and Stage tumor size and/or spread of the cancer beyond the organ in
III
which it first developed to nearby lymph nodes and/or organs
adjacent to the location of the primary tumor.
Stage IV
The cancer has spread to another organ(s).
Why is cancer deadly?
• Cancer cells take-up nutrients & space
• As tumors grow they become harder to
destroy as they affect more cells faster
• Tumors can crowd-out and destroy critical
organs
Cancer Death
Rates, by Race
and Ethnicity,
United States,
2000–2004
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
How do people get cancer?
• Carcinogen: something that causes cancer
Carcinogen Examples
• Radiation – X Rays, UV light
• Chemicals – tar from cigarettes
• Virus – HPV can cause cervical cancer.
• Genetics– Some families are more likely to get
certain cancers.
– Remember you can’t inherit cancer its just that you can be
more likely to get it
Table 13.3
Detecting Cancer
– Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
– Computerized Axial Tomography scanning (CAT scan)
– Ultrasound
– Self-exam and check-ups
MRI for breast exam
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S16eUPbZ1Zo
Cancer Treatments
• Radiotherapy: Using radiation to destroy tumors
• Chemotherapy: Using a drug to destroy
cancerous tissues
• Stem cells: Cancerous tissues destroyed, then
replaced with stem cells
Chemotherapy
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XuMPdZjsngQ
Cyberknife
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xYcXRaTvRKc&feature=related
Preventing cancer
• Healthy Diet
– Eating foods with antioxidants (fight cancer)
– Eat brightly-colored veggies & fruits (good
immune system chemicals)
– Low saturated fat (prevent cancer)
• Regular Exercise
• Drink Water
• Avoid carcinogens!
Current Cancer research
•
•
•
•
Finding causes
Finding prevention & treatment strategies
Stem-cell use
Gene therapy
Some myths & facts from the Mayo
Clinic
• Myth: If we can put a man on the moon, we
should have a cure for cancer by now.
• Truth: Finding the cure for cancer is proving to
be more complex than mastering the
engineering and physics required for
spaceflight.
• Myth: Regular checkups and today's medical
technology can detect all cancer early.
• Truth: Although regular medical care can
indeed increase your ability to detect cancer
early, it can't guarantee it. Cancer is a
complicated disease, and there's no sure way
to always spot it.