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Exercise, Urinary-Water, Electrolytes, and Acid-base Balance-2
1) ___ is NOT a function of the urinary system.
a. Excreting wastes
b. Regulating blood O2 and CO2
d. Detoxifying drugs
c. Regulating acid-base balance
2) Water flows from _____.
a. a high osmotic concentration to a low osmotic concentration
b. a low osmotic concentration to a high osmotic concentration
3) When the blood passes glomeruli, ___ is filtered into tubular system.
a. ~ 20% of blood cells b. ~ 20% of plasma proteins
c. ~20% of plasma water and electrolytes
4) Glomerular filtration rate ____.
a. is quite constant
b. fluctuates dramatically
5) Glomerular filtration membrane ___.
a. includes the foot processes of the podocytes
permeable to amino acids
b. is not permeable to glucose
6) Which of the following is not a component of a nephron?
a. proximal convoluted tubule
b. glomerulus
c. afferent arteriole
c. is not
d. renal artery
7) Which of the following is not a nitrogenous waste?
a. urea
b. uric acid
c. ammonia
d. amino acid
8) Which of the renal functions can be substituted by hemodialysis?
a. producing erythropoietin
b. eliminating wastes
c. deamination
9) ___ is not included in the four processes of urine formation.
a. Glomerular filtration
b. Tubular reabsorption
c. Tubular secretion
e. Storage of urine in the bladder
d. Concentrating urine
10) The fluid in ____ is called urine (but not glomerular filtrate or tubular fluid).
a. glomeruli
b. proximal tubules
c. distal tubules
d. renal calyx
11) The proximal convoluted tubules reabsorb ___ of the glomerular filtrates.
a. 20-30%
b. 40-50%
c. 60-70%
d. 80-90%
12) ___ is one of the mechanisms for tubular reabsorption.
a. Chemotaxis
b. Insulin
c. Dialysis
d. Solvent drag
13) If Na-K-ATPase in basal membranes of proximal tubules is eliminated, tubular reabsorption of glucose will
___ .
a. decrease
b. increase
c. not change
14) Glucose is present in the urine of diabetic patients because ____.
a. tubular cells actively secrete glucose into tubular fluid
b. tubular cells reabsorb much less glucose
c. the amount of glucose in tubular fluid exceeds the transport maximum (Tm)
15. The tubular cells do not secrete ___ into tubular fluid.
a. amino acids
b. uric acid
c. H+
d. HCO3-
16. The nephron loop (Loop of Henle) ___.
a. reabsorbs two thirds of glomerular filtrates
c. reabsorbs Na+ and Cl-
b. concentrates urine
17. Aldosterone affects the function of ___
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Exercise, Urinary-Water, Electrolytes, and Acid-base Balance-2
a. proximal tubule
b. loop of Henle
c. distal tubule
18. Aldosterone enhances the reabsorption of ___.
a. Na+
b. K+
c. Ca++
d. phosphate
19. Atrial natriuretic factor ___.
a. enhances reabsorption of Na+
b. inhibits reabsorption of Na+
20. A collecting duct ___.
a. connects several distal tubules
b. dilutes urine
c. enhances reabsorption of water
c. reabsorbs 2/3 of glomerular filtrates
21. ADH ___.
a. decreases the permeability of collecting ducts to water
b. increases the permeability of collecting ducts to water
22. A minimum of ___ urine has to be produced to excrete nitrogenous wastes.
a. 1-2 liter/day
b. 400 ml /day
c. 125 ml/min
23. Diabetes insipidus ___.
a. is caused by the lack of ADH
b. is accompanied with oliguria
c. is caused by the lack of insulin
24. Which of the following can cause glycosuria (presence of glucose in urine)?
a. drinking two 12 oz cans of regular Coke by a healthy person
b. the lack of insulin
ADH
c. the lack of
25. Which of the following does NOT cause diuresis?
a. caffeine
b. diuretics
c. ADH
26. How much of the glomerular filtrate is finally excreted as urine?
a. ~ 60%
b. ~ 70%
c. ~ 80%
d. ~ 1%
27. When urine volume exceeds 400 ml (enough to stimulate the stretch receptors) in an adult urinary bladder
but the time/place do not allow urination, ___.
a. the external urethral sphincter relaxes but the internal sphincter contracts
b. the external urethral
sphincter contracts but the internal sphincter relaxes
c. both the internal and external urethral sphincters
relax
d. both the internal and external urethral sphincters contract
28. About ___ of total body weight is water.
a. 40%
b. 50%
c. 60%
d. 90%
29. The three body fluid compartments include all of the following except ___.
a. the kidneys b. plasma
c. intracellular fluid
d. tissue fluid
30. When placed in distilled water (0 mOsm), erythrocytes___. (The plasma membranes of erythrocytes
are permeable to water)
a. shrink
b. swell
c. do not shrink or swell
31. Water loss via ___ is controlled physiologically.
a. respiration
b. urine
c. sweating
d. feces
32. Water loss via ___ can be avoided.
a. respiration
b. urine
d. feces
33. Thirst is felt when ___.
a. blood volume decreases
c. sweating
b. plasma osmolarity decreases
c. blood volume increases
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Exercise, Urinary-Water, Electrolytes, and Acid-base Balance-2
34. The feeling of thirst is generated in ____.
a. mouth
b. throat
c. spinal cord
35. Edema can be caused by ___.
a. increased capillary reabsorption
d. hypothalamus
b. decreased capillary filtration
c. occlusion of lymphatic vessels
36. Which ion is the most abundant in intracellular space? (hint: consider intra- vs extracellular distribution
of each ion)
a. K+
b. Na+
c. Ca++
d. Cl37 . Which ion primarily determines the resting membrane potential?
a. K+
b. Na+
c. Ca++
d. Cl38. Which hormone is the primary regulator of plasma Na+ concentration?
a. PTH
b. calcitonin
c. aldosterone
39. The osmolarity of extracellular fluid is mainly contributed by ___.
a. NaCl
b. K+
c. PO4
40. Which ion serves as a second messenger?
a. Clb. Na+
c. Ca++
41. Which ion is a blood clotting factor?
a. K+
b. Na+
c. Ca++
42. Which hormone decreases plasma Ca++ concentration?
a. PTH
b. calcitonin
c. thyroid hormone
43. Which hormone decreases plasma K+ concentration?
a. aldosterone
b. Calcitonin
c. calcitrol
44. Calcitrol ___.
a. is not a derivative of vitamin D
absorption of Ca++ in small intestines
b. decreases plasma Ca++ concentration
c. increases
45. ___ is absolutely needed for the synthesis of ATP.
a. K+
b. Na+
c. Ca++
d. PO4346. When H+ concentration increases, pH ___.
a. increases
b. decreases
c. does not change
47. A buffer minimizes ___.
a. the increase but not decrease in pH
and decrease in pH
b. the decrease but not increase in pH
48. ___ is NOT a major buffer in human body.
a. HEPES buffer
b. Bicarbonate buffer
c. Protein buffer
49. ___ are NOT involved in regulating plasma pH.
a. Chemical buffers
b. Respiratory system
c. Kidneys
c. both increase
d. Phosphate buffer
d. Baroreceptors
50. Renal tubules secretes H+ when ___.
a. plasma pH is high
b. plasma pH is low
51. ___ can actually excrete H+ out of the body.
a. Chemical buffers.
b. The lungs
c. The kidneys
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Exercise, Urinary-Water, Electrolytes, and Acid-base Balance-2
52. Hypoventilation causes ___.
a. respiratory acidosis
b. metabolic alkalosis
c. metabolic acidosis
53. Diabetes mellitus causes ___.
a. respiratory acidosis
b. respiratory alkalosis
c. metabolic acidosis
54. Chronic vomiting causes ___.
a. metabolic alkalosis
b. respiratory alkalosis
c. metabolic acidosis
55. The pH of blood samples from person A and person B is 7.2 and 7.5, respectively. Which of the
following statements about the two blood samples is correct?
A. There are more H+ ions in person B’s blood than person A’s blood.
B. There are more H+ ions in person A’s blood than person B’s blood.
C. There are more Na+ ions in person A’s blood than person B’s blood.
D. There are more Cl- ions in person A’s blood than person B’s blood.
E. There are more Ca++ ions in person A’s blood than person B’s blood.
56.
A.
B.
C.
D.
The pH of blood samples from person A and person B is 7.1 and 7.6, respectively. Which of the
following statements about the two blood samples is correct?
Person A has alkolosis.
Person B has acidosis.
None of the above
Both of the above
57. A normal person can use ___ to resist the changes in his/her blood pH.
A. the chemical buffers in the blood
B. the digestive system
C. the kidneys
D. two of the above
E. all of the above
58.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E
Which of the following organs can excrete excess H+ ions out of a human body in the case of
acidosis?
stomach
lung
kidneys
liver
spleen
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Exercise, Urinary-Water, Electrolytes, and Acid-base Balance-2
KEY
1b
2b
3c
4a
5a
6d
7d
8b
9e
10d
11c
12d
13a
14c
15a
16c
17c
18a
19b
20a
21b
22b
23a
24b
25c
26d
27b
28c
29a
30b
31b
32c
33a
34d
35c
36a
37a
38c
39a
40c
41c
42b
43a
44c
45d
46b
47c
48a
49d
50b
51c
52a
53c
54a
55b
56c
57d
58c
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