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Chapter 14
Water Pollution
Water Pollution
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___________________ - the contamination of
streams, rivers, lakes, oceans, or groundwater
with substances produced through human
activities and that negatively affect organisms
___________________ - distinct locations that
pump waste into a waterway
___________________ - diffuse areas, such
as an entire farming region, that pollutes a
waterway
Point Source vs. Nonpoint Source
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It is ___________________ to control pollution
that comes from a distinct source than pollution that
does not come from a distinct source
Point sources discharge pollutants at specific
___________________ through pipes, ditches, or
sewers (ex: factories, sewage treatment plants,
mines, oil wells, oil tankers)
Nonpoint sources cannot be traced to a
___________________ of discharge (ex: acid
deposition, runoff, seepage into groundwater)
Nonpoint source water pollution from agriculture is
the ___________________ source of water
pollution in the U.S. (64% of pollutants entering
streams and 57% of pollutants entering lakes)
Human Wastewater
Water
produced by human
activities such as
___________________ from toilets
and ___________________ from
bathing and washing
clothes/dishes
Human Wastewater

__________________________________–
organic matter that enters a body of
water and feeds microscopic
decomposers that use oxygen
 Nutrients that are released from
wastewater can make the water more
fertile, causing ___________________
 Wastewater can carry a wide variety of
___________________ organisms
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
 BOD
- the amount of
___________________ a quantity of
water uses over a period of time
at a specific temperature
 ___________________ BOD values
indicate the water is less polluted
 ___________________ BOD values
indicate the water is more polluted
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
BOD: the amount of
dissolved oxygen needed
by ___________________
to break down organic
materials in a certain
volume over a 5–day
incubation period at 20° C
 It is measured as a rate
(mg O2 per liter per 5 days)

Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)

__________________
(DO) is an indicator
of water quality and
measured in ppm
 DO supplies oxygen
to fish, amphibians,
and zooplankton in
water
 It is the basis of
aquatic food chains
Eutrophication
an abundance
of fertility in a body of water
Caused by an increase in
___________________ , such as
fertilizers
Eutrophication can cause a rapid
growth of ___________________ , which
eventually dies and causes the
microbes to increase the BOD

___________________ -
Oxygen Sag Curve

Flowing water
(including rivers
and streams) can
recover rapidly
from oxygendemanding
wastes by
______________
and bacterial
______________
“Dead Zone”
Pollution of Lakes
Natural nutrient
enrichment of
lakes is called
______________
 Cultural
eutrophication human activities
______________
the input of
nutrients to a
body of water

Common Diseases from Human
Wastewater
 Cholera
 Typhoid
fever
 Stomach flu
 Diarrhea
 Cholera
 Hepatitis
Fecal Coliform Bacteria

___________________ bacteria –
group of bacteria found in the
intestines and feces of vertebrate
animals
 Escherichia coli (E. coli) is usually the
bacteria tested for – its presence
indicates a risk of other wastewater
___________________
Wastewater Treatment

Septic systems - a
large container that
receives
___________________
from a house
 Primarily used in rural
and suburban areas
 Traps large solids in the
tank and discharges the
liquid over the
___________________
Wastewater Treatment

___________________ Treatment
Plants - centralized plants in areas with
large populations that receive
wastewater via a network of
underground pipes
 Primary sewage treatment involves
______________ and ________________
to remove solids from sewage
 Secondary sewage treatment uses
___________________ processes to
break down biodegradable, oxygendemanding wastes
Treatments for Animal Wastewater
large, humanmade ponds lined with rubber to
prevent the manure from leaking into
the ___________________
 After the manure is broken down by
bacteria, it is spread onto fields as

___________________ -
___________________
Heavy Metals and Other Substances that can
threaten human Health and the Environment
 Lead
 Arsenic
 Mercury
 Acids
 Synthetic
(SOC)
organic compounds
World Mercury Production
Acid Damage
– lower pH
due to air pollution (CO2, SOx,
NOx) produces lower than normal
pH in rain and snow
 Acid ___________________ – pyrite
breaks down in groundwater,
creating low pH water
 Acid ___________________
Acid Deposition
Synthetic Organic Compounds (SOC)
inert
ingredients – DDT, atrazine
 ___________________ &
pharmaceuticals – estrogen,
caffeine, antibiotics
 Military compounds – perchlorates
 Industrial compounds – PCBs,
PBDEs

___________________ &
Synthetic Organic Compounds (SOC)

________________
– increase in tissue
concentrations of a
material above normal
environmental levels

________________
- increase in
concentration of
materials in organisms
from eating the tissues
of other organisms
(concentration
increases up the food
chain)
Contaminants Found in U.S. Streams
Groundwater Pollution
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Groundwater pollution is a
greater threat to humans than
____________ water pollution
Groundwater is typically
recharged _____________, so
pollution lingers for long periods
of time
Up to _____% of usable
groundwater in the U.S. is
estimated to be contaminated
It is extremely difficult and
expensive to clean-up
contaminated groundwater;
_________is more effective
Groundwater Pollution Prevention
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___________________ sources of water pollution
that feed into the aquifer
___________________ aquifers near landfills and
underground storage tanks
Require ___________________ systems and
liability insurance for existing and new
underground tanks that store hazardous liquids
Ban or more strictly regulate disposal of
___________________ wastes in deep injection
wells and landfills
Store hazardous liquids ___________________
with more safeguards
Oil Pollution
 Oil
is accidentally and deliberately
released into the environment from
various sources
 Most ___________________ oil leaks are
released in normal operation of offshore
wells, pipelines, and storage tanks
 Accidents can release large amounts of
oil in a short period of time
Oil Pollution
Oil Pollution
Some aquatic organisms (esp. plankton and
larvae) are killed immediately
 Oil coats birds and marine mammals,
destroying ___________________ and
buoyancy
 Heavy oil sinks to ocean bottom and washes
into estuaries, contaminating crabs, oysters,
mussels, etc.
 Oil slicks on beaches harms intertidal life and
causes economic losses to _______________
and ___________________ industries

Case Study: Exxon Valdez Oil Spill
• On March 24, 1989, the __________________
tanker went off course, hit submerged rocks
in Prince William Sound, Alaska, & created
the worst oil spill in U.S. waters (at the time)
• Coated 1,600 miles of shoreline, killed
wildlife, & caused serious contamination
• Exxon spent $2.2 billion on direct cleanup +
$1 billion fines & damages; another $5 billion
damages being appealed
Case Study: BP Oil Spill
• On April 20, 2010 the BP offshore drilling
platform ___________________ exploded in
the Gulf of Mexico
• 11 workers were killed in the explosion
• Almost 5 million barrels of oil were
spilled into the water during the 87 day
leak
• BP has committed to pay up to $30
billion in clean-up costs and
compensation
Ways to Remediate Oil Pollution
 Containment
using
___________________ to keep the
floating oil from spreading
 Chemicals (___________________ )
that help break up the oil, making
it disperse before it hits the
shoreline
 Bacteria that are genetically
engineered to consume oil
Other Water Pollutants
 Solid
waste pollution
(___________________)
 Sediment pollution (_______,
_______,and _______)
 Thermal pollution
 Noise pollution
Pacific Trash Vortex
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Solid Waste Pollution

Coastal areas have enormous inputs of
waste into oceans
 _______of the world’s population lives
within 60 miles of the ocean
About 35% of municipal _______ ends
up virtually untreated in U.S. ocean water
 Many countries still dump large quantities
of toxic substances into the ocean
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Sediment Pollution
 Human
activities increase the amount
of ___________________ entering
waterways
 ________________and ________________
agricultural fields are leading causes
of increased sediment levels
 Sediment reduces infiltration of
sunlight and clogs gills of aquatic
species
Thermal Pollution
 Two
effects:
 Temperature
affects ___________________
 “Thermal Shock”
Noise Pollution
Water Laws
 Clean
Water Act (1972) - supports
the “___________________ and
___________________ of fish, shellfish,
and wildlife and recreation in and on
the water”
 Issued water quality
___________________ that defined
acceptable limits of various pollutants
in U.S. waterways
Clean Water Act
 Restores
and maintains the chemical,
physical, and biological integrity of the
nation’s waters
 Sharply ___________________ direct
pollutant discharges into waterways
 Finances municipal ___________________
facilities
 Manages polluted ___________________
Clean Water Act Programs
1.
Water ___________________ standards (WQS)
2.
Policies against water ___________________
3.
Waterbody ________________ and assessment
4. ___________________ on condition of the
nation’s waters
5.
Define _________________________ (TMDL)
of pollutants
6.
National Pollutant ___________________
Elimination (NPDES) system permit programs for
point sources
7.
Program for ___________________sources
8.
Program regulating filling of ______________
and other _______________
Water Laws
Water Quality Act (1965) – states
directed to develop water quality
standards establishing water quality
goals for ___________________ waters
 By early 1970s, every state has adopted
such water quality standards
 States have revised their standards to
reflect new ___________________
information, the impact on water quality
of economic development, and the
results of water quality controls

Water Laws
 Safe ___________________
Act (1974,
1986, 1996) - sets the national
standards for safe drinking water
 It is responsible for establishing
maximum ___________________ levels
(MCL) for 77 different elements or
substances in both surface water
and groundwater
Dealing with Water Pollution

___________________ is the primary
nonpoint source of water pollution
 Reducing ___________________ water
pollution requires changing farming
practices to reduce runoff from fertilizer,
pesticides, and livestock, as well as
reduce soil erosion
 Non-farm use (golf courses, lawns, etc.)
of ___________________ and
___________________ are another major
nonpoint source of pollution