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Biology/Kurowski
Fall 2013
Biology Fall Final Exam (EOC) Review Sheet and Questions
How to Study: Read your notes, look at the graphics on worksheets and homework (i.e.
look at pictures of food webs, energy pyramids, population graphs, organelles,
plant/animal cells, stages of mitosis, meiosis, enzyme models, cell membrane, etc…),
read chapter summaries for Ch. 1-7, 16 Polar Bear Book and Ch. 1-3, 6-10 Online Zebra
book, and ESPECIALLY read and understand EVERYTHING on this review sheet.
Concepts:
 Scientists add to scientific knowledge by making observations, asking questions, forming
hypotheses, testing hypothesis, acquiring data, analyzing data, and forming conclusions. This is
known as the Scientific Method.
 Scientific understanding changes as new data and knowledge is acquired.
 Biology is an experimental science (uses the Scientific Method) and a process of discovery and
understanding.
 In a controlled experiment, the independent variable is what is different between the experimental
and control groups. The dependent variable is what is measured.
 Cell Theory, Germ Theory, and the Evolutionary Theory are theories in biology that developed
through the application of the Scientific Method.
 Enzymes speed up chemical reactions by decreasing the amount of activation energy required.
Enzymes bind to only certain substrates. Enzymes are made of proteins.
 Metric System: Length (meter), Volume (Liter), Mass (gram) centi=1/100 milli=1/1000
micro=1/1,000,000
 The total magnification power of the compound microscope is determined by multiplying the
ocular lense (eyepiece) magnification with the objective lens magnification.
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The cells→tissue→organ→organ system
Micorrhiza is the result of a mutualistic relationship formed between a fungus and plant roots.
As energy moves from one trophic level to the next, some energy is lost as heat.
The carbon cycle is affected by human activity. Humans add fossil CO 2 to the atmosphere by
burning fossil fuels& cut down CO2 absorbing trees. CO2 is a greenhouse gas.
Cell Theory states that all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic unit of structure
and function of living things, and that all cells come from preexisting cells.
Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. Prokaryotic cells lack
internal membranes.
Plant cells have three structures that animal cells lack: cell wall, chloroplast, central vacuole
Examples of specialized cells are nerve, muscle, and liver cells.
Osmosis is the movement of water across a membrane down its concentration gradient.
Passive transport is the movement of materials down their concentration gradient across a cell
membrane; does not require energy. Active transport is the movement of materials against their
concentration gradients across a cell membrane; requires energy.
ATP supplies cells with energy needed for metabolism.
Energy from sunlight flows through living systems, from autotrophs to heterotrophs.
In photosynthesis, using light energy, carbon dioxide and water are converted to sugars and
oxygen.
In aerobic cellular respiration, energy is released in the form of ATP when sugars and oxygen are
converted to carbon dioxide and water.
In anaerobic cellular respiration (fermentation) glucose is converted to alcohol, carbon dioxide, or
lactic acid, and ATP is produced.
Aerobic cell respiration results in 38 ATP molecules produced from every glucose molecule
broken down, while anaerobic cell respiration results in 2 ATP molecules.
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Chemical equation for photosynthesis: 6CO2+ 6H2O + light energy  6O2 + C6H12O6
Chemical equation for cellular respiration: 6O2 + C6H12O6 6CO2+ 6H2O + (ATP)
Cell division (mitosis) allows organisms to grow, replace worn out or damaged cells, and some
organisms to reproduce by binary fission and produce genetically identical daughter cells.
Prokaryotes (bacteria) reproduce by binary fission
Cell division allows organisms to reproduce (asexually), grow, develop, replace old or worn-out
cells, and to form gametes.
Before cell division, DNA coils around proteins and condenses to form chromosomes.
Before cell division, each chromosome consists of two chromatids attached at the centromere.
The cell spends most of it’s lifetime in Interphase. Interphase is composed of G1, S, and G2
phases.
The Cell Cycle represents the life of a eukarotyic cell; it includes Interphase, Mitosis, and
Cytokinesis
Interphase consists of 3 phases; G1-growth, S-DNA synthesis, and G2-preparation for cell
division
Mitosis is the division of the nucleus into two nuclei, each having the exact genetic makeup as the
original.
Mitosis occurs in 4 phases; Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase
The events of Mitosis are shown below: Know what is happening in each.
Interphase
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Terms:
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Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Meiosis reduces the number of chromosomes by half to form haploid gametes. When gametes
unite in fertilization, the diploid number is restored. Know what happens in each phase.
Succession
Mutualism
Herbivore, carnivore, autotroph, heteroptroph, producer, consumer
Limiting factor
Species
Food chain
Food web
Carbohydrate, protein, lipid, nucleic acid
Nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplast, vacuole, lysosome, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum,
cytoskeleton, cytoplasm, cell membrane, cell wall, cytokinesis
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Interphase: (G0, G1, S, G2)
Mitosis: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
Meiosis: Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphse I, Telophase I, Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphse
II, Telophase II.
Skills:
 Graphing: Analyze (interpret a graph and state what it means). Use a graph to make predictions.
Identify the independent and dependent variable.
 Recognize cells in various stages of mitosis.
 Identify drawings of various cellular organelles.
 Know basic functions of organelles.
 Know how to calculate the total magnification of a compound microscope.
Questions
Directions: Write the correct answer to each of the questions below. Your teacher will then share the
correct response. Adjust your answer as necessary.
Scientific Process
1. Write down the steps of a scientific investigation (in order).
2.
Write down the three most important safety precautions to exercise when using a microscope.
3.
4.
The insect has three body segments is an (observation, opinion).
Scientists use a _______________ in an experiment in order to have a standard to compare with
any changes.
In lab, which devise is used to measure the volume of a liquid?
If graphing weight gain in children over time, one would use a _____________ graph.
Three scientific theories within the field of biology are the Cell Theory, Germ Theory, and the
Theory of Evolution. Know them.
When solving problems or answering questions, scientists (examine their feelings, gather
opinions, vote, test).
In an experiment, having constants, increasing sample size, and repeating procedures (increases,
decreases) the reliability of results.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
You are a successful neurobiologist who studies the role of sleep on learning. You think that you have
discovered a drug (“Sleepinol”) that can replace the need for sleep. You set up an experiment to see if
people are as good at learning new things while taking this pill instead of getting regular sleep. Match each
of the parts of the experiment with the correct term.
10. _____________
Participants who take the pill will be able to learn new things as
good as those who get regular sleep because “Sleepinol” gives the
brain what it needs to learn new things.
a.
Constants
11. _____________
People who took the pill and did not sleep.
b.
Control group
12. _____________
People who did not take the pill but slept instead.
c.
13. _____________
The score on a test.
d.
14. _____________
The new task that participants tried to learn, how the learned task
was tested, the educational background of the participants, and age
and sex of participants
e.
Dependent
variable
Experimental
group
Hypothesis
15. _____________
Whether or not the participant was given the pill.
f.
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Independent
variable
16. Results from new scientific research can affect commonly accepted explanations in science by
changing formerly accepted explanations. Example: It used to be that scientists thought stomach
ulcers were the result of over active stomach acids damaging the stomach lining. Now it is known
that ulcers are caused by a bacterium , named Heliobacter pylori. This illustrates that scientific
explanations are constantly under revision as new data is obtained. (true/false)
17. A microscope with a 10X ocular lens and a 43X objective lens would have a total magnification of
__________X.
Cells
18. Label each cell either “prokaryote” or “eukaryote”.
A. _________________________________
B. __________________________________
19. Cell B is an animal cell. If it were a plant cell, it would have two additonal structures, and one
less structure. Name the two structures plant cells have: _________________ &
_____________________. Name the structure that only animal cells have: ______________.
20. Cells that contain many mitochondria require lots of ________________ .
21. Specialized cells have special, specific functions. For example, skeletal muscle cells contract and
expand to move bones, endocrine cells secrete hormones, and nerve cells transmit electrical
signals.
22. In the nucleus, genetic information is stored in the molecule ______________.
23. Write down the three parts of the Cell Theory.
24. What do ribosomes do?
25. What do chloroplasts do?
26. What do mitochondria do?
27. Circle the mitochondrion:
Ecology
28. Define the roles of producers and consumers and give an example organism from each of the
categories below. Know the difference between a producer and a consumer.
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Ecological Role
Producer
1º Consumer (Herbivore)
2º Consumer (Carnivore)
3º Consumer (Carnivore)
Decomposer
Omnivore
Definition
Example
29. Draw an example of a food chain starting with a producer, then a primary consumer, secondary
consumer, and a top level consumer (at least 4 organisms):
30. Draw a food web showing some of the producers, consumers, and decomposers in a coniferous
(pine) forest ecosystem (at least 8 organisms).
31. Observe the food web below. What would happen to the food web if all the grasshoppers were to
die due to a farmer spraying pesticides?
32. Why are organisms dependent upon each other in a food web?
33. Explain the 10% rule illustrated in the energy pyramid below. Explain in regard to kcal
(kilocalories) available at each trophic level.
34. Ecological Relationships: Explain the three types of symbiotic relationships. Know what
symbiosis means.
a. Parasitismb. Mutualismc. Commensalism35. What is ecological succession?
36. Describe the natural succession of a pond to a bog to a meadow.
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37. Define: Habitat38. Define: Community39. Define: Ecosystem40. Explain how humans affect the carbon cycle.
41. What are some factors that limit population growth?
42.
a.
b.
Refer to the illustration above. Scientists observe that as the hare population gradually
increases, they eat more and more grass and seeds each year until the food supply, particularly
during the winter, becomes scarce. At that point, young hares have a difficult time finding enough
food to survive and fewer babies are born.
43.
As the number of hares decreases, what do you think happens to the population of grass and
seeds that the hares eat and why?
They increase because fewer hares are eating c. They decrease because more hares are eating
them.
them.
They stay the same because hare can eat only d. The number of lynx increase more lynx are
so much grass and seeds.
eating them.
Cell Transport
44. Match each term with its definition:
_____diffusion
a.
_____concentration gradient
b.
_____osmosis
c.
_____facilitated diffusion
d.
diffusion of water
diffusion with a helper protein
something moving from high to low concentration
gradient between high and low concentration
45. What is the difference between active and passive transport? List examples of each.
46. Why are cells small? How is this related to surface area and volume?
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47.
Explain what will happen to the cell in each of the solutions. Assume the membrane is selectively
permeable. Use arrows to show the direction in which water molecules will move. The green dots
represent a dissolved solute.
Cell Energy
48. Match the term with the definition:
_____photosynthesis
_____ATP
_____respiration
_____fermentation
a. the most common form of cellular energy
b. the breakdown of sugar WITHOUT oxygen
present
c. the breakdown of glucose into energy
d. the combination of oxygen, light, water and
chlorophyll creating sugar and carbon dioxide
49. Write the balanced chemical equation for photosynthesis below:
50. Write the balanced chemical equation for cellular respiration below:
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a.
c.
d.
b.
Label the process that is occurring in the organelles by boxes a
and b. Label the organelles pictured in boxes c and d. In the
other boxes, label the reactants and products.
51.
52. Explain the role of each of the following in photosynthesis or respiration –
Chlorophyll-
ATP –
Enzymes-
electron transport chain-
Cell Reproduction
53. Match the following terms with their definition .
_____mitosis
_____cell plate
_____binary fission
_____cancer
_____cytokinesis
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
the division of the cytoplasm and cell membrane
this is formed in plant cells
the process of copying cells
the replication of prokaryotes
uncontrolled cell growth
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54.
Label each phase of mitosis (pictures2 and 3 are the same). Label the following parts:
spindle fibers, centrioles, chromatin, and daughter cells.
55. Briefly describe what occurs in each step of the cell cycle:
InterphaseMitosis:
ProphaseMetaphaseAnaphaseTelophaseCytokinesis-
56.
What is this cycle illustrating? Explain.
57. A diploid cell in an ovary is undergoing meiosis to become an egg cell. It’s diploid
number of chromosomes is (2n) is 48. How many chromosomes will the haploid (n) egg
cell have? ___________
58. In meiosis, when does crossing over occur? ____________________________________
How does crossing over affect the chromosomes? _______________________________
How is this related to genetic variety? _________________________________________
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