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CHEMISTRY, FLUIDS, ELECTROLYTES, ACID BASE BALANCES REVIEW SHEET 1. Hydration synthesis (anabolism) (composition), dehydration synthesis (catabolism) (decomposition) 2. All organic compounds contain _________. All inorganic compounds do not contain __________. 3. Polar versus non-polar molecules do what with electrons? 4. Ph – relationship of H+ ions to OH- ions. 5. Buffers and what they do? Elimination of H+ ions by use of buffer systems, exhaling carbon dioxide, and water secretion by kidneys. 6. What is ATP? 7. element, molecule, compound, isotope, radioisotope 8. mixture, solution, colloid, suspension 9. solute, solvent, solution 10. CHON 11. Bond – hydrogen, covalent, ionic, peptide 12. Carbon usually forms covalent bonds. 13. Acid H____ versus Base _____OH 14. Bonds a. Ionic b. Covalent c. Hydrogen d. Peptide 15. Inorganic Compound a. Water, most abundant inorganic compound, body solvent, hydrophobic, hydrophillic b. Salts c. Acids d. Bases e. Vitamins f. Minerals - Electrolytes 16. Organic Compound a. Carbohydrate, CHO, 1:2:1 ratio, 4Kcal/g, Building block - Glucose 1. Monosaccharide 2. Disaccharide 3. Polysaccharide b. Lipid, CHO, No 1:2:1 ratio, 9Kcal/g, Building block – Glycerol, Fatty Acid 1. Triglyceride CHEMISTRY, FLUIDS, ELECTROLYTES, ACID BASE BALANCES REVIEW SHEET 2. Phospholipid 3. Steroid 4. Saturated 5. Unsaturated 6. Polyunsaturated c. Protein, CHON, Deamination, 4Kcal/g, Building block - Amino Acid (20) – 10 Essential – 10 Non-essential 1. Fibrous, collagen and keratin 2. Antibody 3. Hormone 4. Transport 5. Enzymes, protein catalyst d. Nucleic Acid, nucleotide 1. RNA 2. DNA e. Vitamins f. Dietary fiber (fibre), sometimes called roughage, is the indigestible portion of plant foods that pushes food through the digestive system, absorbing water and easing defecation. Dietary fiber can be soluble (able to dissolve in water) or insoluble (not able to dissolve in water). Soluble fiber, like all fiber, cannot be digested. But it does change as it passes through the digestive tract, being transformed (fermented) by bacteria there. Soluble fiber also absorbs water to become a gelatinous substance that passes through the body [1]. Insoluble fiber, however, passes through the body largely unchanged [2]. Soluble fiber is found in varying quantities in all plant foods, including: legumes (peas, soybeans, and other beans) oats, rye, chia, and barley some fruits and fruit juices (including prune juice, plums, berries, bananas, and the insides of apples and pears) certain vegetables such as broccoli, carrots and Jerusalem artichokes root vegetables such as potatoes, sweet potatoes, and onions (skins of these vegetables are sources of insoluble fiber) psyllium seed husk (a mucilage soluble fiber). Sources of insoluble fiber include: whole grain foods wheat and corn bran nuts and seeds potato skins flax seed lignans CHEMISTRY, FLUIDS, ELECTROLYTES, ACID BASE BALANCES REVIEW SHEET vegetables such as green beans, cauliflower, zucchini (courgette), celery, and nopal the skins of some fruits, including tomatoes[4] g. Artificial Sweetners Saccharin Saccharin is also known as Sweet and Low, Sweet Twin, Sweet'N Low, and Necta Sweet. "reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen," Another claim made against saccharin is the possibility of allergic reactions. The reaction would be in response to it belonging to a class of compounds known as sulfonamides which can cause allergic reactions in individuals who cannot tolerate sulfa drugs. Reactions can include headaches, breathing difficulties, skin eruptions, and diarrhea. It's also believed that the saccharin found in some infant formulas and can cause irritability and muscle dysfunction. Aspartame Aspartame is also known as Nutrasweet, Equal, and Sugar Twin. Some of these symptoms include headache, dizziness, change in mood, vomiting or nausea, abdominal pain and cramps, change in vision, diarrhea, seizures/convulsions, memory loss, and fatigue. Along with these symptoms, links to aspartame are made for fibromyalgia symptoms, spasms, shooting pains, numbness in your legs, cramps, tinnitus, joint pain, unexplainable depression, anxiety attacks, slurred speech, blurred vision, multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus, and various cancers. A study done with 14 dieters comparing the effects of aspartame-sweetened and sucrose-sweetened soft drinks on food intake and appetite ratings found that substituting diet drinks for sucrose-sweetened ones did not reduce total calorie intake and may even have resulted in a higher intake on subsequent days. Sucralose The product Splenda is also not actually calorie-free. Sucralose does have calories, but because it is 600 times sweeter than sugar, very small amounts are needed to achieve the desired sweetness. The first two ingredients in Splenda are dextrose and maltodextrin, which are used to increase bulk and are carbohydrates that are not free of calories. The presence of chlorine is thought to be the most dangerous component of sucralose. The alleged symptoms associated with sucralose are gastrointestinal problems (bloating, gas, diarrhea, nausea), skin irritations (rash, hives, redness, itching, swelling), wheezing, cough, runny nose, chest pains, palpitations, anxiety, anger, moods swings, depression, and itchy eyes. Acesulfame K It is listed in the ingredients on the food label as acesulfame K, acesulfame potassium, Ace-K, or Sunett.. Acesulfame K does contain the carcinogen methylene chloride. Long-term exposure to methylene chloride can cause headaches, depression, nausea, mental confusion, liver effects, kidney effects, visual disturbances, and cancer in humans. Neotame In 2002, the FDA approved a new version of aspartame called Neotame. Neotame is chemically related to aspartame without the phenylalanine dangers for individuals with PKU. It is much sweeter than aspartame with a potency of approximately 7,000 to 13,000 times sweeter than sucrose (table sugar). No long term health studies have been completed. CHEMISTRY, FLUIDS, ELECTROLYTES, ACID BASE BALANCES REVIEW SHEET h. Other 1. Glycogen 2. Cholesterol – binder, hormone production 3. Isomers – glucose and fructose 4. Aldosterone, ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone) 5. Calcium – most abundant mineral in the human body i. Acidosis – normal Ph is 7.4, Acidosis is at 7.35 j. Na+ and CL- extracellular ions k. K+ and H3PO4 intracellular ions NUTRIENT FLOW CHART Carbohydrate Glucose (Dextrose) (Monosaccharide) Starch (Polysaccharide) Sugar (Disaccharide) Maltose Sucrose Maltase Glucose Milk Sugar (Disaccharide) Lactose Sucrase Glucose Glucose Fructcose Lactase Glucose Galactose Fructase Glucose Glucose Galactase Glucose Glucose Fat Saturated Unsaturated Lipase Glycerol Liver Lipase Fatty Acid Glycerol Liver Fatty Acid Liver Liver Pyruvic Acid Acetyl CoA Pyruvic Acid Acetyl CoA Glycolysis Kreb’s Cycle Glycolysis Kreb’s Cycle Protein Plant / Animal Dairy Pepsin (20) Amino Acids Albumin (Egg) Casein (20) Amino Acids Matrix (original form) Albumin