Download Chemistry,_Fluids,_Electrolytes

CHEMISTRY, FLUIDS, ELECTROLYTES, ACID BASE BALANCES REVIEW SHEET
1. Hydration synthesis (anabolism) (composition), dehydration synthesis (catabolism) (decomposition)
2. All organic compounds contain _________. All inorganic compounds do not contain __________.
3. Polar versus non-polar molecules do what with electrons?
4. Ph – relationship of H+ ions to OH- ions.
5. Buffers and what they do? Elimination of H+ ions by use of buffer systems, exhaling carbon dioxide,
and water secretion by kidneys.
6. What is ATP?
7. element, molecule, compound, isotope, radioisotope
8. mixture, solution, colloid, suspension
9. solute, solvent, solution
10. CHON
11. Bond – hydrogen, covalent, ionic, peptide
12. Carbon usually forms covalent bonds.
13. Acid H____ versus Base _____OH
14. Bonds
a. Ionic
b. Covalent
c. Hydrogen
d. Peptide
15. Inorganic Compound
a. Water, most abundant inorganic compound, body solvent, hydrophobic, hydrophillic
b. Salts
c. Acids
d. Bases
e. Vitamins
f. Minerals - Electrolytes
16. Organic Compound
a. Carbohydrate, CHO, 1:2:1 ratio, 4Kcal/g, Building block - Glucose
1. Monosaccharide
2. Disaccharide
3. Polysaccharide
b. Lipid, CHO, No 1:2:1 ratio, 9Kcal/g, Building block – Glycerol, Fatty Acid
1. Triglyceride
CHEMISTRY, FLUIDS, ELECTROLYTES, ACID BASE BALANCES REVIEW SHEET
2. Phospholipid
3. Steroid
4. Saturated
5. Unsaturated
6. Polyunsaturated
c. Protein, CHON, Deamination, 4Kcal/g, Building block - Amino Acid (20) – 10 Essential – 10
Non-essential
1. Fibrous, collagen and keratin
2. Antibody
3. Hormone
4. Transport
5. Enzymes, protein catalyst
d. Nucleic Acid, nucleotide
1. RNA
2. DNA
e. Vitamins
f. Dietary fiber (fibre), sometimes called roughage, is the indigestible portion of plant foods that
pushes food through the digestive system, absorbing water and easing defecation.
Dietary fiber can be soluble (able to dissolve in water) or insoluble (not able to dissolve in water). Soluble fiber,
like all fiber, cannot be digested. But it does change as it passes through the digestive tract, being transformed
(fermented) by bacteria there. Soluble fiber also absorbs water to become a gelatinous substance that passes
through the body [1]. Insoluble fiber, however, passes through the body largely unchanged [2].
Soluble fiber is found in varying quantities in all plant foods, including:
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legumes (peas, soybeans, and other beans)
oats, rye, chia, and barley
some fruits and fruit juices (including prune juice, plums, berries, bananas, and the insides of apples and
pears)
certain vegetables such as broccoli, carrots and Jerusalem artichokes
root vegetables such as potatoes, sweet potatoes, and onions (skins of these vegetables are sources of
insoluble fiber)
psyllium seed husk (a mucilage soluble fiber).
Sources of insoluble fiber include:
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whole grain foods
wheat and corn bran
nuts and seeds
potato skins
flax seed
lignans
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CHEMISTRY, FLUIDS, ELECTROLYTES, ACID BASE BALANCES REVIEW SHEET
vegetables such as green beans, cauliflower, zucchini (courgette), celery, and nopal
the skins of some fruits, including tomatoes[4]
g. Artificial Sweetners
Saccharin
Saccharin is also known as Sweet and Low, Sweet Twin, Sweet'N Low, and Necta Sweet. "reasonably
anticipated to be a human carcinogen," Another claim made against saccharin is the possibility of
allergic reactions. The reaction would be in response to it belonging to a class of compounds known as
sulfonamides which can cause allergic reactions in individuals who cannot tolerate sulfa drugs.
Reactions can include headaches, breathing difficulties, skin eruptions, and diarrhea. It's also believed
that the saccharin found in some infant formulas and can cause irritability and muscle dysfunction.
Aspartame
Aspartame is also known as Nutrasweet, Equal, and Sugar Twin. Some of these symptoms include
headache, dizziness, change in mood, vomiting or nausea, abdominal pain and cramps, change in vision,
diarrhea, seizures/convulsions, memory loss, and fatigue. Along with these symptoms, links to
aspartame are made for fibromyalgia symptoms, spasms, shooting pains, numbness in your legs, cramps,
tinnitus, joint pain, unexplainable depression, anxiety attacks, slurred speech, blurred vision, multiple
sclerosis, systemic lupus, and various cancers. A study done with 14 dieters comparing the effects of
aspartame-sweetened and sucrose-sweetened soft drinks on food intake and appetite ratings found that
substituting diet drinks for sucrose-sweetened ones did not reduce total calorie intake and may even
have resulted in a higher intake on subsequent days.
Sucralose
The product Splenda is also not actually calorie-free. Sucralose does have calories, but because it is 600
times sweeter than sugar, very small amounts are needed to achieve the desired sweetness. The first two
ingredients in Splenda are dextrose and maltodextrin, which are used to increase bulk and are
carbohydrates that are not free of calories. The presence of chlorine is thought to be the most dangerous
component of sucralose. The alleged symptoms associated with sucralose are gastrointestinal problems
(bloating, gas, diarrhea, nausea), skin irritations (rash, hives, redness, itching, swelling), wheezing,
cough, runny nose, chest pains, palpitations, anxiety, anger, moods swings, depression, and itchy eyes.
Acesulfame K
It is listed in the ingredients on the food label as acesulfame K, acesulfame potassium, Ace-K, or
Sunett.. Acesulfame K does contain the carcinogen methylene chloride. Long-term exposure to
methylene chloride can cause headaches, depression, nausea, mental confusion, liver effects, kidney
effects, visual disturbances, and cancer in humans.
Neotame
In 2002, the FDA approved a new version of aspartame called Neotame. Neotame is chemically related
to aspartame without the phenylalanine dangers for individuals with PKU. It is much sweeter than
aspartame with a potency of approximately 7,000 to 13,000 times sweeter than sucrose (table sugar). No
long term health studies have been completed.
CHEMISTRY, FLUIDS, ELECTROLYTES, ACID BASE BALANCES REVIEW SHEET
h. Other
1. Glycogen
2. Cholesterol – binder, hormone production
3. Isomers – glucose and fructose
4. Aldosterone, ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone)
5. Calcium – most abundant mineral in the human body
i. Acidosis – normal Ph is 7.4, Acidosis is at 7.35
j. Na+ and CL- extracellular ions
k. K+ and H3PO4 intracellular ions
NUTRIENT FLOW CHART
Carbohydrate Glucose (Dextrose) (Monosaccharide)
Starch (Polysaccharide)
Sugar (Disaccharide)
Maltose
Sucrose
Maltase
Glucose
Milk Sugar (Disaccharide)
Lactose
Sucrase
Glucose
Glucose
Fructcose
Lactase
Glucose
Galactose
Fructase
Glucose
Glucose
Galactase
Glucose
Glucose
Fat
Saturated
Unsaturated
Lipase
Glycerol
Liver
Lipase
Fatty Acid
Glycerol
Liver
Fatty Acid
Liver
Liver
Pyruvic Acid
Acetyl CoA
Pyruvic Acid
Acetyl CoA
Glycolysis
Kreb’s Cycle
Glycolysis
Kreb’s Cycle
Protein
Plant / Animal
Dairy
Pepsin
(20) Amino Acids
Albumin (Egg)
Casein
(20) Amino Acids
Matrix (original form)
Albumin