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PowerPoint® Lecture Slides Prepared by Patty Bostwick-Taylor, Florence-Darlington Technical College CHAPTER 4 Skin and Body Membranes © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Body Membranes Function: • Cover body surfaces • Line body cavities • Form protective sheets around organs Classification: • Membranes with epithelial tissue 1. Cutaneous membranes 2. Mucous membranes 3. Serous membranes • Connective tissue only membranes 1. Synovial membranes © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Cutaneous Membrane Cutaneous membrane = skin •Dry membrane •Outermost protective boundary •Superficial epidermis is composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium •Underlying dermis is mostly dense connective tissue © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Cutaneous membrane (skin) (a) Cutaneous membrane (the skin) covers the body surface. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.1a Mucous Membranes • Moist membranes that line all body cavities that open to the exterior body surface • Often adapted for absorption or secretion of mucous • Mouth & esophagus = surface layer is stratified squamous epithelium • Rest of digestive tract = surface layer is simple columnar epithelium • Underlying the mucous membrane is loose connective tissue called lamina propria © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Mucosa of nasal cavity Mucosa of mouth Esophagus lining Mucosa of lung bronchi (b) Mucous membranes line body cavities open to the exterior. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.1b Serous Membranes • Line body cavities that are closed to the exterior of the body • Surface layer is simple squamous epithelium • Underlying is a thin layer of areolar connective tissue • Serous membranes occur in pairs separated by serous fluid • Visceral layer covers the outside of the organ • Parietal layer lines a portion of the wall of ventral body cavity © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Outer balloon wall (comparable to parietal serosa) Air (comparable to serous cavity) Inner balloon wall (comparable to visceral serosa) (d) A fist thrust into a flaccid balloon demonstrates the relationship between the parietal and visceral serous membrane layers. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.1d Serous Membranes Specific serous membranes: •Peritoneum •Abdominal cavity •Pleura •Around the lungs •Pericardium •Around the heart © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Parietal pleura Visceral pleura Parietal peritoneum Visceral peritoneum Parietal Visceral pericardium pericardium (c) Serous membranes line body cavities closed to the exterior. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.1c Connective Tissue Membrane Synovial membrane •Soft areolar connective tissue •Lines fibrous capsules surrounding joints •Secretes a lubricating (synovial) fluid •Also line bursae and tendon sheaths © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Ligament Joint cavity (contains synovial fluid) Articular (hyaline) cartilage Fibrous capsule Synovial membrane © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Articular capsule Figure 4.2 Integumentary System Skin (cutaneous membrane) and its derivatives: •Sweat glands •Oil glands •Hair •Nails © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Skin Functions 1. Protects deeper tissues from: • Mechanical damage (bumps) • Chemical damage (acids and bases) • Bacterial damage • Ultraviolet radiation (sunlight) • Thermal damage (heat or cold) • Dessication (drying out) 2. Aids in body heat loss or heat retention as controlled by the nervous system 3. Aids in excretion of urea and uric acid 4. Synthesizes vitamin D in the presence of UV radiation © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Skin Structure Epidermis—outer layer • Stratified squamous epithelium • Cornified or keratinized (hardened by keratin) to prevent water loss • Avascular • Most cells are keratinocytes Dermis – inner layer • Dense fibrous connective tissue • Blood vessels, nerves, glands, hairs…. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Hair shaft Dermal papillae Epidermis Papillary layer Dermis Pore Appendages of skin • Eccrine sweat gland • Arrector pili muscle • Sebaceous (oil) gland • Hair follicle • Hair root Reticular layer Hypodermis (superficial fascia) Nervous structures • Sensory nerve fiber • Lamellar corpuscle • Hair follicle receptor (root hair plexus) © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Cutaneous vascular plexus Adipose tissue Figure 4.3 Skin Structure Subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis) is deep to dermis • Not technically part of the skin • Anchors skin to underlying organs • Composed mostly of adipose tissue © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Layers of the Epidermis From deepest to most superficial: •Stratum basale (germnativum; basal layer)) •Stratum spinosum (spiny layer) •Stratum granulosum (granulated layer) •Stratum lucidum (on soles of feet and palms of hands - thick, hairless skin only) •Stratum corneum (cornified layer) © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Keratinocytes Desmosomes Epidermal dendritic cell Stratum corneum. Cells are dead; represented only by flat membranous sacs filled with keratin. Glycolipids in extracellular space. Stratum granulosum. Cells are flattened, organelles are deteriorating; cytoplasm full of granules. Stratum spinosum. Cells contain thick bundles of intermediate filaments made of pre-keratin. Merkel cell Sensory Melanocytes Melanin nerve granules ending © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Stratum basale. Cells are actively dividing stem cells; some newly formed cells become part of the more superficial layers. Dermis Figure 4.4 Melanin •Pigment (melanin) produced by melanocytes •Melanocytes are mostly in the stratum basale •Color is yellow to brown to black •Amount of melanin produced depends upon genetics and exposure to sunlight © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Dermis Two layers 1. Papillary layer (upper dermal region) • Fingerlike projections called dermal papillae • Some contain capillary loops • Others house pain receptors and touch receptors 2. Reticular layer (deepest skin layer) • Blood vessels • Sweat and oil glands • Deep pressure receptors © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Hair shaft Dermal papillae Epidermis Papillary layer Dermis Pore Appendages of skin • Eccrine sweat gland • Arrector pili muscle • Sebaceous (oil) gland • Hair follicle • Hair root Reticular layer Hypodermis (superficial fascia) Nervous structures • Sensory nerve fiber • Lamellar corpuscle • Hair follicle receptor (root hair plexus) © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Cutaneous vascular plexus Adipose tissue Figure 4.3 Dermis Overall dermis structure: • Collagen and elastic fibers located throughout the dermis • Collagen fibers give skin its toughness • Elastic fibers give skin elasticity • Blood vessels play a role in body temperature regulation © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Epidermis Papillary layer of dermis Reticular layer of dermis © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.5 Normal Skin Color Determinants 1. Melanin • Yellow, brown, or black pigments 2. Carotene • Orange-yellow pigment from some vegetables 3. Hemoglobin • Red coloring from blood cells in dermal capillaries • Oxygen content determines the extent of red coloring © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Alterations in Skin Color • Redness (erythema) - due to embarrassment, inflammation, hypertension, fever, or allergy • Pallor (blanching) - due to emotional stress such as fear, anemia, low blood pressure, impaired blood flow to an area • Jaundice (yellowing) - liver disorder • Bruises (purpling) – hematomas • Decubitus ulcer (bed sore) – skin cells are deprived of oxygen © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Skin Appendages 1. Cutaneous glands • Sebaceous glands • Sweat glands 2. Hair 3. Nails © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Appendages of the Skin Oil (sebaceous) glands • Produce oil (sebum) • Lubricant for skin • Prevents brittle hair • Kills bacteria • Most have ducts that empty into hair follicles; others open directly onto skin surface © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Sweat pore Sebaceous gland Eccrine gland Dermal connective tissue Sebaceous gland duct Hair in hair follicle Secretory cells (a) Photomicrograph of a sectioned sebaceous gland (14×) © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.7a Appendages of the Skin Sudoriferous (sweat) glands • Produce sweat • Widely distributed in skin • Two types of sudoriferous glands 1. Eccrine • Open via duct to pore on skin surface • Produce sweat (clear) 2. Apocrine • Ducts empty into hair follicles • Begin to function at puberty • Release sweat that also contains fatty acids and proteins (milky/yellowish color) © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Sweat pore Eccrine gland Sebaceous gland Dermal connective tissue Eccrine gland duct Secretory cells (b) Photomicrograph of a sectioned eccrine gland (180×) © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.7b Sweat and Its Function Composition • Mostly water • Salts and vitamin C • Some metabolic waste • Fatty acids and proteins (apocrine only) Function • Helps dissipate excess heat • Excretes waste products • Acidic nature inhibits bacteria growth Odor is from associated bacteria © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Appendages of the Skin Hair • Produced by the hair follicle • Consists of hard keratinized epithelial cells • Melanocytes provide pigment for hair color • Hair grows in the matrix of the hair bulb in the stratum basale © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.8c Appendages of the Skin Hair anatomy • Central medulla • Cortex surrounds medulla • Cuticle on outside of cortex • Most heavily keratinized © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Cuticle Cortex Medulla (b) Hair © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.8b Hair shaft Arrector pili Sebaceous gland Hair root Hair bulb in follicle (a) © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.8a Appendages of the Skin •Notice how the scale-like cells of the cuticle overlap one another in this hair shaft image (660×) © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.9 Appendages of the Skin Nails • Scale-like modifications of the epidermis • Heavily keratinized • Stratum basale extends beneath the nail bed • Responsible for growth • Lack of pigment makes them colorless © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Appendages of the Skin Nail structures • Free edge • Body is the visible attached portion • Root of nail embedded in skin • Cuticle is the proximal nail fold that projects onto the nail body © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Lunule Lateral nail fold (a) Free edge Body Cuticle Root of nail of nail of nail Proximal Nail nail fold matrix (b) © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Nail bed Bone of fingertip Figure 4.10a-b Skin Homeostatic Imbalances Burns • Tissue damage and cell death caused by heat, electricity, UV radiation, or chemicals • Immediate danger • Fluid loss – leading to circulatory shock and possible kidney shut-down. • Fluids must be replaced asap • Later danger • Infection © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Rule of Nines How to determine the extent of fluid loss • Body is divided into 11 areas for quick estimation • Each area represents about 9 percent of total body surface area “Rule of Nines” • This allows a rapid estimation of how much fluid to replace with an I.V. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Totals 41/2% Anterior and posterior head and neck, 9% Anterior and posterior upper limbs, 18% 41/2% 41/2% Anterior and posterior trunk, 36% Anterior trunk, 18% Perineum, 1% 9% 9% Anterior and posterior lower limbs, 36% 100% (a) © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.11a Severity of Burns 1. First-degree burns • Only epidermis is damaged • Skin is red and swollen 2. Second-degree burns • Epidermis and upper dermis are damaged • Skin is red with blisters 3. Third-degree burns • Destroys entire skin layer; burned area is painless • Burn is gray-white or black © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.11b Critical Burns Burns are considered critical if • Over 25 percent of body has second-degree burns • Over 10 percent of the body has third-degree burns • There are third-degree burns of the face, hands, or feet © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Skin Homeostatic Imbalances Infections and allergies • Athlete’s foot (tinea pedis) • Caused by fungal infection • Boils and carbuncles • Caused by bacterial infection • Cold sores • Caused by virus © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Skin Homeostatic Imbalances • Contact dermatitis • Exposures cause allergic reaction • Impetigo • Caused by bacterial infection • Psoriasis • Cause is unknown • Triggered by trauma, infection, stress • Decubitis ulcers • Bed sores © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.12a-c Skin Cancer Cancer - abnormal cell growth resulting in the formation of masses called tumors. • Classified two ways • Benign • Does not spread (encapsulated) • Malignant • Metastasized (moves) to other parts of the body • Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Skin Cancer Types Basal cell carcinoma • Least malignant • Most common type • Arises from stratum basale © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Skin Cancer Types Squamous cell carcinoma • Metastasizes to lymph nodes if not removed • Early removal allows a good chance of cure • Believed to be suninduced • Arises from stratum spinosum © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Skin Cancer Types Malignant melanoma • Most deadly of skin cancers • Cancer of melanocytes • Metastasizes rapidly to lymph and blood vessels • Detection uses ABCD rule © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. ABCD Rule – to identify melanoma • A = Asymmetry • Two sides of pigmented mole do not match • B = Border irregularity • Borders of mole are not smooth • C = Color • Different colors in pigmented area • D = Diameter • Spot is larger then 6 mm in diameter © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.