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The End of WWII Aftermath United Nations Alliances Break Victories and Casualties • WWII had killed as many as 50 million people around the world. In Europe alone, nearly 30 million people had lost their lives, more than half of them civilians. • The Soviet Union suffered the worst casualties with over 20 million dead. • Over 20 million refugees wandered Europe. • Hunger, disease, devastation and mental illness took their toll long after the war ended. Nuremberg Trials • Allies agreed that the Axis leaders should be held on trial for “crimes against humanity.” • In Germany, the Allies held war crimes trials in Nuremberg, where Hitler had staged mass rallies in the 1930s. • Nearly 200 Germans and Austrians were tried, and most were found guilty. were held in Japan. • The trials showed that political and military leaders could be held accountable for actions in wartime. Establishing the United Nations • Over 50 nations met in San Francisco to draft a charter. • Each member has one vote in the General Assembly. • Five permanent U.N. members, called the Security Council, has greater powers; they can veto any council decision. • The Security Council can apply economic sanctions and send a peace-keeping military force. The Goal of the U.N. • Preventing the outbreak of diseases. • Improving education. • Protecting refugees. • Helping nations develop economically. • World Heath Organization • Food and Agricultural Organization. • Save future generations from war. • Reaffirm human rights. • Establish equal rights for all persons. The Alliance Breaks Apart • A new power structure emerged between the United States and the Soviet Union as new world leaders. • The United States abandoned its traditional policy of isolationism to counter the spread of communism. • Councils and peace agreements that were conducted throughout WWII had grown more and more divisive—highlighting the differences between Western and Eastern powers. • Distrust, suspicion and tension grew and led to a conflict known as the Cold War. The Cold War Begins • Stalin had two goals: spread communism in Eastern Europe and create a buffer zone against Germany. • United States and Britain didn’t consult Stalin about peace terms in Italy or Japan. • “Free election” in Eastern Europe. • Communist parties destroyed rival political parties. The Truman Doctrine • “ I believe that it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures.” • Idea of containment: limiting communism to the areas already under Soviet control. • Would guide the United States in matters of foreign policy for decades. The Truman Doctrine The Marshall Plan • Postwar hunger and poverty made Western Europe fertile ground for communist ideas. • U.S. offered a massive aid package designed to strengthen and rebuild Europe called The Marshall Plan. • Billions of dollars in American aid helped Europe recover rapidly. • President Truman also offered aid to the Soviet Union and countries under Stalin’s control in Eastern Europe but Stalin declined. The Marshall Plan Germany Stays Divided • The Soviets had taken factories and other resources in its eastern zone to rebuild the Soviet Union. • The Western Allies decided to unite their zones of occupation and extend the Marshall Plan to western Germany. • The Soviets were furious at Western moves to rebuild the German economy and deny them reparations. • Each side strengthened their hold on either west or east Germany . The End of WWII: Review • WWII killed as many as ___ million people around the world. • The _______ _______ suffered the worst casualties with over 20 million dead. • In Germany, the Allies held war crimes trials in __________ where Hitler had staged mass rallies in the 1930s. • The trials showed that political and military leaders could be held ____________ for actions in wartime. • Over ____ nations met in San Francisco to draft a charter. • The Security Council can apply _________ sanctions and send a peace-keeping _________ force. • The U.N. sought to: _________ education, ________ refugees and combat __________. The End of WWII: Review • A new power structure emerged between the _______ ________ and the ________ _________ as new world leaders. • Distrust, suspicion and tension grew and led to a conflict known as the ____ ___. • Stalin had two goals: spread __________ in Eastern Europe and create a buffer zone against ________. • “Free ________” in Eastern Europe. • Idea of ___________: limiting communism to the areas already under Soviet control. • U.S. offered a massive aid package designed to strengthen and rebuild Europe called ___ _________ _____. • The Western Allies decided to _____ their zones of occupation and ______ the Marshall Plan to western Germany.