Download Cellular Respiration Questions

Photosynthesis
I)
Energy
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II)
Living things grow and reproduce. Biological activity requires
Consumers get energy from the food they eat.
Where do produces get their energy?
o From the sun, however no organism can use light energy directly
from the sun.
Energy Conversions
A) Photosynthesis 
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CO2 + H2O + sunglight  O2 + C6H12O6
Plants convert light energy from the sun into chemical energy.
This energy is stored in complex sugar molecules.
Energy can be used by plants or other organisms that eat them.
Every animal (carnivore or herbivore) depends on plants – directly or
indirectly.
B) Steps of Photosynthesis
1) Absorption of light energy by a green plant ( primarily by chlorophyll – green
pigment in chloroplasts)
2) Plants absorb carbon dioxide from the air and water from the soil.
3) Light energy, carbon dioxide, and water are used to make sugar.
4) Light energy is used to break down water into hydrogen and oxygen and then
to combine the H with the CO2 to form sugar.
5) Oxygen is released into the air as O2 gas.
6) Some light energy absorbed by the plant is stored in the sugar molecules as
chemical energy.
*Small sugar molecules are linked together by chemical bonds (energy is stored
in those bonds)
*When sugar molecules are broken down in a cell, the energy stored is released
and used to carry out cell activities.
III)
Electromagnetic Energy
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IV)
The solar energy called visible light drives photosynthesis.
Solar radiation is composed of electromagnetic energy that travels through
space.
Energy cannot be created or destroyed. When light is absorbed by a green
plant, a small portion of that energy is converted into chemical energy in the
process of photosynthesis.
Structure of a Leaf
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Leaves are plant’s main photosynthetic organ.
Leaf structure is closely associated with its photosynthetic function.
Leaves must permit carbon dioxide access to the photosynthetic cells, but
impede water from diffusing out.
The oxygen waste product of photosynthesis must be allowed to escape from
the leaf.
Plants normally lose water from openings in their leaves called stomates.
The water loss typically occurs during daylight hours when plants are
exposed to the Sun.
This water loss, known as transpiration, is both beneficial and harmful to
plants.
V)
Mesophyll
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VI)
Chloroplasts
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VII)
Mesophyll cells are specialized for photosynthesis.
These cells in the middle of the leaf contain many chloroplasts, the
organelles that perform photosynthesis.
Gas exchange (oxygen and carbon dioxide) takes place within the
chloroplasts, and the food produced by the chloroplasts must move out of
the cells to the other parts of the plant.
Chloroplasts are the site of photosynthesis.
These double-membrane bound organelles enclose additional membranes
called thylakoids.
The thylakoids are stacked to form grana, which are suspended in the stroma
or the chloroplasts.
Chlorophyll
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Chlorophyll molecules embedded in the thylakoid absorb light energy.
These molecules are the most important pigments for absorbing light energy.
VIII) Light Reactions and the Calvin Cycle
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Photosynthesis depends on an interaction between two sets of reactions and
the Calvin cycle.
Chlorophyll and the other molecules responsible for the light reactions are
build into the thylakoid membrances.
Enzymes that catalyze the Calvin cycle are located in the stroma.
Beginning with the absorption of light by chlorophyll, the light reactions
convert light energy into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH.
The ATP provides the energy, and the NADPH supplies the electrons for the
Calvin cycle, which converts carbon dioxide to sugar.
ADP and NADP+ result from the Calvin cycle and shuttle back to the light
reactions, which regenerate ATP and NADPH.
Photosynthesis Multiple Choice Questions
1. A green plant is kept in a brightly lighted area for 48 hours. What will most likely occur if the light
intensity is then reduced slightly during the next 48 hours?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Photosynthesis will stop completely.
The rate at which nitrogen is used by the plant will increase.
The rate at which oxygen is released from the plant will decrease.
Glucose production inside each plant cell will increase.
2. An inorganic molecule required by green plants for the process of photosynthesis is
1.
2.
3.
4.
oxygen
starch
carbon dioxide
glucose
3. If the leaves of a geranium plant receive an adequate supply of raw materials, which graph below
shows how the rate of photosynthesis is related to increasing light intensity received by the plant?
1.
2.
3.
4. Which activity occurs in the process of photosynthesis?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Chemical energy from organic molecules is converted into light energy.
Organic molecules are obtained from the environment.
Organic molecules are converted into inorganic food molecules.
Light energy is converted into the chemical energy of organic molecules.
4.
5.
An organism was added to a test tube containing water, which was then sealed and placed in
sunlight. The graph shows an increase in the oxygen content of the test tube over a period of
time. Which type of organism was most probably added to the test tube?
1.
2.
3.
4.
fresh-water animal
green alga
ameba
virus
6. Photosynthesis is the process by which
1.
2.
3.
4.
the potential energy of simple sugars is transferred to ATP molecules
simple sugars are gradually broken down to form lactic acid or alcohol
two simple sugar molecules combine to form maltose and water
light energy is converted into the chemical energy of simple sugars
7. Most of the oxygen gas present in the atmosphere is produced as a result of
1.
2.
3.
4.
photosynthesis
cellular respiration
dehydration synthesis
decomposition
8. Which biological process is the main source of atmospheric oxygen?
1.
2.
3.
4.
respiration
photosynthesis
hydrolysis
synthesis
9.
The graph represents the absorption spectrum of chlorophyll. The graph indicates that the energy
used in photosynthesis is most likely obtained from which regions of the spectrum?
1.
2.
3.
4.
yellow and orange red
violet blue and green
orange red and violet blue
green and yellow
10. Eating a sweet potato provides energy for human metabolic processes. The original source of this
energy is the energy
1.
2.
3.
4.
in protein molecules stored within the potato
from starch molecules absorbed by the potato plant
made available by photosynthesis
in vitamins and minerals found in the soil
11. The mass of some corn plants at the end of their growth period was 6 tons per acre. Most of this
mass was produced from
1.
2.
3.
4.
water and organic compounds absorbed from the soil
minerals from the soil and oxygen from the air
minerals and organic materials absorbed from the soil
water from the soil and carbon dioxide from the air
12. The dense needles of Douglas fir trees can prevent most light from reaching the forest floor. This
situation would have the most immediate effect on
1.
2.
3.
4.
producers
carnivores
herbivores
decomposers
13. The diagram represents part of a life process in a leaf chloroplast.
If the process illustrated in the diagram is interrupted by a chemical at point X, there would be an
immediate effect on the release of
1.
2.
3.
4.
chlorophyll
nitrogen
carbon dioxide
oxygen
14. The equation below represents a summary of a biological process.
carbon dioxide + water → glucose + water + oxygen
This process is completed in
1.
2.
3.
4.
mitochondria
ribosomes
cell membranes
chloroplasts
15. Which process is directly used by autotrophs to store energy in glucose?
1.
2.
3.
4.
diffusion
photosynthesis
respiration
active transport
16. Organisms that have the ability to use an atmospheric gas to produce an organic nutrient are
known as
1.
2.
3.
4.
herbivores
decomposers
carnivores
autotrophs
17. Leaves of green plants contain openings known as stomates, which are opened and closed by
specialized cells allowing for gas exchange between the leaf and the outside environment. Which phrase
best represents the net flow of gases involved in photosynthesis into and out of the leaf through these
openings on a sunny day?
1.
2.
3.
4.
carbon dioxide moves in; oxygen moves out
carbon dioxide and oxygen move in; ozone moves out
oxygen moves in; nitrogen moves out
water and ozone move in; carbon dioxide moves out
18. Which process usually uses carbon dioxide molecules?
1.
2.
3.
4.
cellular respiration
asexual reproduction
active transport
autotrophic nutrition
19. The graph below shows the results of an experiment in which a container of oxygen-using bacteria
and strands of a green alga were exposed to light of different colors.
Which statement best explains the results of this experiment?
1.
2.
3.
4.
The rate of photosynthesis is affected by variations in the light.
In all environments light is a vital resource.
The activities of bacteria and algae are not related.
Uneven numbers and types of species can upset ecosystem stability.
20. Which process provides the initial energy to support all the levels in the energy pyramid shown
below?
1.
2.
3.
4.
circulation
photosynthesis
active transport
digestion
Constructed Response Questions
1. The Control of Transpiration
Plants normally lose water from openings (stomates) in their leaves. The water
loss typically occurs during daylight hours when plants are exposed to the Sun. This
water loss, known as transpiration, is both beneficial and harmful to plants. Scientists
believe wind and high temperatures increase the rate of transpiration, but the size of
each stomate opening can be regulated. Reducing the size of the openings during
drought conditions may help reduce the dehydration and wilting that would otherwise
occur. A leaf may lose more than its own weight in water each day. Transpiration also
lowers the internal temperature of the leaf as water evaporates. On hot days,
temperatures in the leaves may be from 3° to 15°C cooler than the outside air. With
stomates open, vital gases may be exchanged between the leaf tissues and the outside
environment. Researchers have also found many plants that use another response
when leaf temperatures rise. Special molecules known as heat shock proteins are
produced by plant cells and help to hold enzymes in their functional shapes.
a. Identify the specific leaf structures that regulate the opening and closing of
stomates.
b. Identify two of the "vital gases" that are exchanged between leaf tissues
and the outside environment.
c. State one way transpiration is beneficial to plants.
2. In some land plants, guard cells are found only on the lower surfaces of the
leaves. In some water plants, guard cells are found only on the upper surfaces of
the leaves. Explain how guard cells in both land and water plants help maintain
homeostasis. In your answer be sure to:
• identify one function regulated by the guard cells in leaves
• explain how guard cells carry out this function
• give one possible evolutionary advantage of the position of the guard cells on
the leaves of land plants
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3. Base your answer to the following question on the investigation described below
and on your knowledge of biology.
As part of an investigation, 10 bean seedlings in one setup were grown in
the dark, while 10 seedlings in another setup were grown in sunlight. All other
growth conditions were kept the same in both setups. The seedlings grown in the
dark were white with long, slender stems. These seedlings soon died. The
seedlings grown in the sunlight were green and healthy.
a. Identify the independent variable in this investigation
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The diagram below shows the setup of an experiment.
b. Using one or more complete sentences, state a problem that could
be investigated using this experimental setup.
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Cellular Respiration
O2 + C6H12O6  CO2 + H2O
We can divide cellular respiration into three metabolic processes: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle,
and oxidative phosphorylation. Each of these occurs in a specific region of the cell.
1. Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol.
2. The Krebs cycle takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria.
3. Oxidative phosphorylation via the electon transport chain is carried out on the inner
mitochondrial membrane.
* In the absence of oxygen, respiration consists of two metabolic pathways: glycolysis
and fermentation. Both of these occur in the cytosol.
I)
ATP Production from Glucose
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In cellular respiration, the chemical energy in various nutrients, such as
glucose, is transferred to ATP.
In this form it can be transported to provide the energy needed to carry out
metabolic functions.
II)
Glycolysis
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In glycolysis, the 6 –carbon sugar, glucose, is broken down into two
molecules of a 3-carbon molecule called pyruvate.
This change is accompanied by a net gain of 2 ATP molecules and 2 NADH
molecules.
Four ATP are made, but two are used by the process.
Net gain is +2 ATP molecules.
A) There are 4 important stages in glycolysis:
1)
2)
3)
4)
III)
Activation of glucose by ATP
Splitting of glucose into two roughly equivalent phosphorylated halves
Reduction of NAD+ to NADH
Phosphorylation of ADP
The Krebs Cycle
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The Kreb cycle occurs in the mitochondria matrix and generates a pool of
chemical energy (ATP, NADH, and FADH2) from the oxidation of pyruvate.
Pyruvated is transported into the mitochondria and loses carbon dioxide to
form acetyl-CoA, and 2-carbon molecule.
When acetyl-CoA is oxidized to carbon dioxide in the Krebs cycle, chemical
energy is released and captured in the form of NADH, FADH2, and ATP.
The Kreb Cycle produces +2 ATP molecules.
IV)
Oxidative Phosphorylation via the Electron Transport Chain
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The electron transport chain allows the release of the large amount of
chemical energy stored in reduced NAD+ (NADH) and reduced FAD (FADH2).
The energy released is captured in the form of ATP (3 ATP per NADH and 2
ATP per FADH2).
The electron transport chain (ETC) consists of a series of molecules, mostly
proteins, embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
The electron transport chain produces +32 ATP molecules.
TOTAL ATP FROM ALL STAGES = 36 ATP
V)
Fermentation (no oxygen available)
All cells are able to synthesize ATP via the process of glycolysis. In many cells, if
oxygen is not present, pyruvate is metabolized in a process called fermentation.
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Fermentation complements glycolysis and makes it possible for ATP to be
continually produced in the absence of oxygen.
o In some plant cells and yeast
o Glucose  pyruvic acid  ethyl alcohol + 2 ATP
o Beer/wine making
Lactic acid fermentation occurs in muscle cells
o Glucose  pyruvic acids  lactic acid + 2 ATP
o Muscle sores, cramps
VI)
Glucose and Energy
The chemical energy stored in glucose generates far more ATP in aerobic respiration
than in respiration without oxygen (glycolysis and fermentation).
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Each molecule of glucose can generate 36-38 molecules of ATP in aerobic
respiration but only 2 ATP molecules in respiration without oxygen (through
glycolysis and fermentation).
Cellular Respiration Questions
1. Which statement best describes one of the events taking place in the chemical reaction?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Energy is being stored as a result of aerobic respiration.
Fermentation is taking place, resulting in the synthesis of ATP.
Energy is being released for metabolic activities.
Photosynthesis is taking place, resulting in the storage of energy.
2. The main result of aerobic respiration is the
1.
2.
3.
4.
conversion of radiant energy into chemical energy
production of lactic acid as an end product
storage of energy in a polysaccharide
production of ATP from the breakdown of glucose
3. Which substance is needed for aerobic cellular respiration to occur?
1.
2.
3.
4.
oxygen
carbon dioxide
nitrogen
methane
4.
Which process is represented by the arrow in the diagram?
1.
2.
3.
4.
growth
respiration
regulation
excretion
5. The transfer of energy from nutrients to ATP is accomplished most directly by the process of
1.
2.
3.
4.
cyclosis
diffusion
cellular respiration
glucose synthesis
6.
The diagram shows a mitochondrian. All the arrows are associated with the process of
1.
2.
3.
4.
carbon fixation
photochemical reaction
synthesis
aerobic respiration
7.
The diagram shows a mitochondrian. Letter X most likely represents
1.
2.
3.
4.
ATP
maltose
lactic acid
PGAL
8. The energy found in ATP molecules synthesized in animal cells comes directly from
1.
2.
3.
4.
sunlight
organic molecules
minerals
inorganic molecules
9.
In the demonstration shown in the diagram, which process performed by the peas when they start
to grow causes the drop of liquid to move to the left?
1.
2.
3.
4.
protein synthesis
photosynthesis
digestion
cellular respiration
10. ATP is a compound that is synthesized when
1.
2.
3.
4.
chemical bonds between carbon atoms are formed during photosynthesis
energy stored in chemical bonds is released during cellular respiration
energy stored in nitrogen is released, forming amino acids
digestive enzymes break amino acids into smaller parts
11. In heterotrophs, energy for the life processes comes from the chemical energy stored in the bonds
of
1.
2.
3.
4.
water molecules
oxygen molecules
organic compounds
inorganic compounds
12. Information concerning a metabolic activity is shown below.
Substance X is most likely
1.
2.
3.
4.
DNA
oxygen
ATP
chlorophyll
13. The graphs below show the changes in the relative concentrations of two gases in the air
surrounding a group of mice.
Which process in the mice most likely accounts for the changes shown?
1.
2.
3.
4.
active transport
evaporation
respiration
photosynthesis
14. The production of energy-rich ATP molecules is the direct result of
1.
2.
3.
4.
recycling light energy to be used in the process of photosynthesis
releasing the stored energy of organic compounds by the process of respiration
breaking down starch by the process of digestion
copying coded information during the process of protein synthesis
15. Which statement best describes cellular respiration?
1.
2.
3.
4.
It occurs in animal cells but not in plant cells.
It converts energy in food into a more usable form.
It uses carbon dioxide and produces oxygen.
It stores energy in food molecules.
16. To remain healthy, organisms must be able to obtain materials, change the materials, move the
materials around, and get rid of waste. These activities directly require
1.
2.
3.
4.
energy from ATP
the replication of DNA
nutrients from inorganic sources
manipulation of altered genes
17. Which change in a sample of pond water could indicate that heterotrophic microbes were active?
1.
2.
3.
4.
increase in ozone level
increase in glucose level
decrease in oxygen level
decrease in carbon dioxide level
18. Base your answer to the question on the diagram below and on your knowledge of biology. The
diagram illustrates a process by which energy is released in organisms.
Cells usually transfer the energy that is released directly to
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
glucose
ATP
oxygen
enzymes
19. All life depends on the availability of usable energy. This energy is released when
1.
2.
3.
4.
organisms convert solar energy into the chemical energy found in food molecules
respiration occurs in the cells of producers and high-energy molecules enter the atmosphere
cells carry out the process of respiration
animal cells synthesize starch and carbon dioxide
20. The diagram below represents a biochemical process.
Which molecule is represented by X?
1.
2.
3.
4.
DNA
starch
protein
ATP
Short Answer Respiration Questions
1.
Base your answer on the two different cells shown.
Only cell A produces substance X. Both cells A and B use substance X.
Identify substance X.
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2. The diagram below represents a cell found in some complex organisms. The enlarged section
represents an organelle, labeled X, found in this cell.
Describe the function of organelle X and explain how it is important to the survival of the cell. In
your answer, be sure to:
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identify organelle X
state the process that this organelle perform
identify the two raw materials that are needed for this process to occur
identify one molecule produced by this organelle and explain why it is important to the
organism
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