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BIOLOGY CONCEPTS & CONNECTIONS Fourth Edition Neil A. Campbell • Jane B. Reece • Lawrence G. Mitchell • Martha R. Taylor CHAPTER 25 Control of the Internal Environment Modules 25.1 – 25.4 From PowerPoint® Lectures for Biology: Concepts & Connections Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Let Sleeping Bears Lie • Bears don’t technically hibernate – They do enter a ________ state, when their body temperature drops by several degrees • Bears are ________ (“warm blooded”) – Endothermic animals derive most of their body heat from ________(cellular respiration) – ________ animals warm themselves mainly by absorbing heat from their _________________ (“cold blooded”) Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Dormant bears have ________ homeostatic mechanisms that compensate for fluctuations in the external environment – _____________ maintains the body temperature within a tolerable range – _____________ controls the gain and loss of water and dissolved solutes – _____________ is the disposal of metabolic wastes Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings THERMOREGULATION Heat is gained or lost in four ways • Body temperature regulation requires _____________ to heat gained from or lost to an animal’s environment • _____________– go somewhere to absorb heat energy • _____________– go in shade, water or open mouth Convection Radiation Evaporation Conduction Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 25.1 • Lizard on rock Figure 25.1x Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Harbor seal Figure 25.2x2 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Fox in snow Figure 25.2x1 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Thermoregulation depends on both heat production and heat gain or lost • Both endotherms and ectotherms may change their rate of _____________ • _____________ may sleep, shed winter/spring coat/fur, feathers, put on extra insulation (fat) • Humans may lose heat by sweating/perspiring (evaporative cooling) Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • _____________ changes may increase heat production by raising the metabolic rate – Fur and feathers help the body retain heat – Shivering, as these honeybees are doing, also increases metabolic _____________ Figure 25.2A Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Blood flow to the skin affects heat loss, send warm blood to the skin, promotes heat loss with the environment • To conserve heat move blood away from skin, constrict blood vessels Top view of shark Skin Blood vessels of gills Artery Vein Capillary network within muscle Heart Artery and vein under the skin Dorsal aorta Figure 25.2B Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • In a _____________ heat exchanger, blood from the core body warms cooler blood returning from the gills or limbs Body surface (cool) • Fish move blood and water in _____________ across their gills. Blood flow • This process __________ body heat Heat transfer 18˚ C 20˚ C 20˚ 22˚ 22˚ 24˚ 24˚ 26˚ Inner body (warm) Figure 25.2C Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Behavior often affects body temperature Figure 25.3 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Reducing the metabolic rate saves energy • _____________ is a state of reduced activity and lowered metabolic rate – _____________ in cold weather (bear) – _____________ in warm weather (hummingbird) Figure 25.4 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Land animals gain water by drinking and eating – They _____________ and solutes by evaporation and waste disposal – Their kidneys, behavior, and waterproof skin _____________ Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Connection: Sweating can produce serious water loss • Water lost in _____________ can cause osmoregulatory problems – _____________ is the best way to prevent dehydration during exercise Figure 25.6 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Changes in water amounts inside the cells of organisms can create _____________ challenges. • Most organisms try to _____________ water balance in their cell(s), called osmoregulation • Many animals also _____________ metabolic wastes when they remove excess water during the process of excretion Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Metabolic wastes include: – ___________ from dehydration synthesis, eating/drinking, cellular respiration – _____________ from protein and nucleic acid (DNA/RNA) metabolism – Liver converts some amino acids into other types by taking off amino groups in a process called _________ – This produces _____________ (toxic), very soluble – Liver combines _________________ to produce urea, much less toxic and can be stored – Some land animals save water by excreting a virtually dry waste called _____________ Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Animals must dispose of nitrogenous wastes • Different animals excrete different types of nitrogenous wastes. • _____________(including protein) • ALL animals produce _____________ • Type of nitrogenous waste produced and how it is excreted is determined by where they live Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Proteins Nucleic acids Amino acids Nitrogenous bases –NH2 Amino groups Most aquatic animals, including many fishes Mammals, amphibians, sharks, some bony fishes Ammonia Birds, insects, many reptiles, land snails Urea Uric acid Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 25.8 • Fish and many other aquatic animals excrete ammonia _____________ into water • Many land animals (mammals), sharks and some bony fish _____________ • Many birds, insects, reptiles excrete ________. Dry form of waste, usually white Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings How do organisms perform excretion? • Protozoa, small, unicellular, live in water, cell membrane is excretory structure, excrete wastes __________________ . Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Cnidaria (hydra, anemone, jellyfish), simple animals, 2 cell layers & hollow body cavity, live in water, each cell excrete wastes _____________ . Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Earthworm (annelid), segmented worm, more complex, have tissues, organ systems and blood (closed _____________ ), each segment has a pair of filtering and excretory structures called _____________ . Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Grasshopper (arthropod), exoskeleton & jointed appendages, open circulatory system, blood not always in vessels, has _____________ that absorb waste directly from blood and put into _____________ . Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The excretory system plays several major roles in homeostasis • The excretory system – expels __________ – regulates _____________ Kidneys filter blood remove: (Inferior vena cava) Renal artery and vein • ________ • ________ Kidney (Aorta) Ureter Bladder Urethra • ________ A. THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM Forms urea altogether Figure 25.9A Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • The two human kidneys each contain about 1.25 million functional units called ________ and filter about _____________ (liquid filtered from blood) each day, only excrete about 1-2 liters of urine, rest (179-178 liters) is _____________ • Urine leaves the kidneys via the ureters – It is stored in the _____________ Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Kidney has 3 functional regions: _______ – outer region: filtration _______– middle region: concentrate urin3 _______– innermost region: collects urine and sends out of kidney Renal medulla Renal cortex Renal pelvis Bowman’s capsule Nephron tubule Renal cortex Renal artery Renal vein Collecting duct Renal medulla Ureter To renal pelvis B. THE KIDNEY C. ORIENTATION OF A NEPHRON WITHIN THE KIDNEY Figure 25.9B, C Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Each nephron consists of a folded tubule and associated blood vessels – The nephrons extract a filtrate from the blood in a capillary ball called the _____________ due to the _____________ of the blood in the capillary and collect the filtrate into the _____________ Bowman’s capsule Arteriole from renal artery 1 Proximal tubule Glomerulus Capillaries Arteriole from glomerulus Branch of renal vein 3 Distal tubule From another nephron Collecting duct 2 Loop of Henle – They refine the filtrate into a much smaller amount of urine with capillary network D. DETAILED STRUCTURE OF A NEPHRON Figure 25.9D Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Overview: The key functions of the excretory system are filtration, reabsorption, secretion, and excretion • There are four steps (processes, parts) involved in urine production: • _____________ : happens in the Bowman’s capsule, high pressure _____________ (water) and _____________ from the blood through the glomerulus and into the Bowman’s capsule • _____________ : nutrients and water move from the nephron tubules back into the blood capillaries, most water is reabsorbed by the _____________ Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • _________: kidney moves specific substances (__________________ ) back into the blood at the proximal tubule and leaves excess solutes in the filtrate, this forms urine • ____________________ : reabsorb lots of water back into the blood, the urine is then removed from the kidney through the _____________ and into the __________ FILTRATION Nephron tubule REABSORPTION H2O, other small molecules SECRETION EXCRETION Urine Capillary Figure 25.10 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Urine collected from the nephrons in the renal pelvis moves through the ureter, into the _____________ (muscular and elastic), bladder empties urine through the _______ and out of the body. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings From blood to filtrate to urine: A closer look • _____________ and other hormones regulate the amount of salt and water the kidneys excrete Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Controlled secretion of H+ and reabsorption of bicarbonate ions help regulate blood pH • Secretion also includes the active transport of drugs and poisons • Reabsorption of salts and urea promote the osmotic reabsorption of water Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bowman’s capsule Proximal tubule NaCl H2O HCO3– Glucose and amino acids Distal tubule NaCl H2O HCO3– Blood Filtrate H2O Salts (NaCl, etc.) HCO3– H+ Urea Glucose Amino acids Some drugs Some NH H+ 3 drugs and poisons K+ H+ Collecting duct CORTEX MEDULLA Loop of Henle NaCl NaCl H2O Reabsorption Active transport Passive transport NaCl Urea H2O Secretion (active transport) Urine (to renal pelvis) Figure 25.11 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings 25.12 Connection: Kidney dialysis can be a lifesaver • A _____________ compensates for kidney failure – It performs the function of the nephrons by removing wastes from the blood and maintaining its solute concentration Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Line from artery to apparatus Pump Line from apparatus to vein Tubing made of a selectively permeable membrane Dialyzing solution Fresh dialyzing solution Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Used dialyzing solution (with urea and excess salts) Figure 25.12 HOMEOSTATIC FUNCTIONS OF THE LIVER The liver is vital in homeostasis • It assists the kidneys by – making urea from _____________ – breaking down toxic chemicals (__________) Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Blood from the intestines flows through the liver before distribution to the rest of the body Inferior vena cava Hepatic vein Liver – This allows the liver to adjust the blood’s chemical content Hepatic portal vessel Intestines Figure 25.13 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Skin: part of excretory system, excretes sweat (sweat gland), which is mostly water, salt and urea Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Lungs: part of excretory system, excretes CO2 and H2O Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Disorders: • _____________ : kidney(s) aren’t working, blood is not being filtered (bad), solution is a dialysis machine (temporary) • ________ : due to high protein diet, causes uric acid production and deposition in joints. Reduce protein intake and take meds to reduce uric acid production • _____________ : based on diet (protein) and water intake Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings