Download Data

Fall 2011
© 2011 REACH All Rights Reserved.
•Mathematical Functions
• Statistical Functions
• Information Functions
• Lookup Functions
• Date Functions
• Time Functions
• Text Functions
• Database Functions
SUMIF
=SUMIF(range,criteria,[sum_range])
Syntax:
=SUMIF(range, criteria, [sum_range])
Arguments:
•range Required
The range of cells that you want evaluated by criteria.
oCells in each range must be numbers or names, arrays, or references that contain numbers.
oBlank and text values are ignored.
criteria Required
The criteria in the form of a number, expression, a cell reference, text, or a function that defines
which cells will be added.
oCriteria can be expressed as 32, ">32", B5, "32", "apples", or TODAY().
•sum_range Optional
The actual cells to add, if you want to add cells other than those specified in the range argument.
oExcel adds the cells that are specified in the range argument (the same cells to which the
criteria is applied).
Microsoft® Excel® Mathematical Functions
Description:
•Sums the values in a range that meet criteria that you specify.
Remarks:
•See the Microsoft® Excel® help for additional remarks.
Errors:
None
Microsoft® Excel® Mathematical Functions
Microsoft® Excel® Mathematical Functions
AVERAGEIF
=AVERAGEIF(range,criteria,[average_range])
COUNTIF
=COUNTIF(range, criteria)
Syntax:
=AVERAGEIF(range, criteria, [average_range])
Arguments:
•range Required
One or more cells to average, including numbers or names, arrays, or
references that contain numbers.
•criteria Required
The criteria in the form of a number, expression, cell reference, or text that
defines which cells are averaged.
•average_range Optional
The actual set of cells to average.
Microsoft® Excel® Statistical Functions
Description:
•Returns the average (arithmetic mean) of all the cells in a range that meet a
given criteria.
Remarks:
•If average_range is omitted, range is used.
•Cells in range that contain TRUE or FALSE are ignored.
•If a cell in average_range is an empty cell, AVERAGEIF ignores it.
•If a cell in criteria is empty, AVERAGEIF treats it as a 0 value.
Errors:
#DIV/0 – If range is a blank or text value.
#DIV/0 – If no cells in the range meet the criteria.
Microsoft® Excel® Statistical Functions
=AVERAGEIF(B2:B5,"<23000")
Microsoft® Excel® Statistical Functions
=AVERAGEIF(B2:B5,"<23000")
=14000
Microsoft® Excel® Statistical Functions
=AVERAGEIF(A2:A5,"<95000")
Microsoft® Excel® Statistical Functions
=AVERAGEIF(A2:A5,"<95000")
=#DIV/0
Microsoft® Excel® Statistical Functions
=AVERAGEIF(A2:A5,">250000",B2:B5)
Microsoft® Excel® Statistical Functions
=AVERAGEIF(A2:A5,">250000",B2:B5)
=24500
Microsoft® Excel® Statistical Functions
Syntax:
=COUNTIF(range, criteria)
Arguments:
•range Required
One or more cells to count, including numbers or names, arrays, or references
that contain numbers.
oBlank and text values are ignored.
criteria Required
A number, expression, cell reference, or text string that defines which cells will
be counted.
oCriteria can be expressed as 32, ">32", B4, "apples", or "32".
Microsoft® Excel® Statistical Functions
Description:
•Counts the number of cells within a range that meet a single criterion that you
specify.
Remarks:
•See the Microsoft® Excel® help for additional remarks.
•Criteria are case insensitive
Errors:
None
Microsoft® Excel® Statistical Functions
Microsoft® Excel® Statistical Functions
ISERR
=ISERR(value)
ISERROR
=ISERROR(value)
ISNA
=ISNA(value)
Syntax:
=ISERR(value)
Arguments:
•value Required
The value that you want tested
Microsoft® Excel® Information Functions
Description:
•Returns TRUE if value refers to any error value except #N/A.
Remarks:
•The value arguments of the IS functions are not converted
• Any numeric values that are enclosed in double quotation marks are treated as
text.
• The IS functions are useful in formulas for testing the outcome of a calculation
Errors:
None
Microsoft® Excel® Information Functions
Syntax:
=ISERROR(value)
Arguments:
•value Required
The value that you want tested
Microsoft® Excel® Information Functions
Description:
•Returns TRUE if value refers to any error value:
•#N/A
#VALUE! #REF!
•#NUM!
#NAME? #NULL!
#DIV/0!
Remarks:
•The value arguments of the IS functions are not converted
• Any numeric values that are enclosed in double quotation marks are treated as
text.
• The IS functions are useful in formulas for testing the outcome of a calculation
Errors:
None
Microsoft® Excel® Information Functions
Syntax:
=ISNA(value)
Arguments:
•value Required
The value that you want tested
Microsoft® Excel® Information Functions
Description:
•Returns TRUE if value refers to the #N/A (value not available) error value.
Remarks:
•The value arguments of the IS functions are not converted
• Any numeric values that are enclosed in double quotation marks are treated as
text.
• The IS functions are useful in formulas for testing the outcome of a calculation
Errors:
None
Microsoft® Excel® Information Functions
Microsoft® Excel® Information Functions
Microsoft® Excel® Information Functions
VLOOKUP
=VLOOKUP(lookup_value, table_array, col_index_num, [range_lookup])
Syntax:
=VLOOKUP(lookup_value,table_array,col_index_num,[range_lookup])
Arguments:
•lookup_value Required
The value to search in the first column of the table or range.
•table_array Required
The range of cells that contains the data.
•col_index_num Required
The column number in the table_array argument from which the matching
value must be returned.
•range_lookup Optional
A logical value that specifies whether you want VLOOKUP to find an exact
match or an approximate match.
Microsoft® Excel® Lookup Functions
Description:
•Searches the first column of a range of cells, and then returns a value from any
cell on the same row of the range.
Remarks:
• The values in the first column of table_array can be text, numbers, or logical values.
•Uppercase and lowercase text are equivalent.
• If range_lookup is TRUE, the values in the first column of table_array must be placed in
ascending order.
• If range_lookup is TRUE or omitted, an approximate match is returned.
• If range_lookup is FALSE, an exact match will be attempted.
Microsoft® Excel® Lookup Functions
Errors:
#VALUE! – If col_index_num is less than 1
#REF! – If col_index_num is greater than the number of columns in the table_array
#N/A – If range_lookup is FALSE and an exact match cannot be found
#N/A – If lookup_value is less than the smallest value in the first column of
table_array
Microsoft® Excel® Lookup Functions
Use IS functions with VLOOKUP functions to
avoid seeing errors when your lookup values are
not found or when the result are empty cells.
 Example:
=IF(ISNA(VLOOKUP(C2,Customers,2,FALSE)),"",(
VLOOKUP(C2,Customers,2,FALSE)))
The function above will only return the result of
the VLOOKUP when VLOOKUP does not give a
#N/A error. If the VLOOKUP function does
return a #N/A error, the If statement will return
nothing.

Syntax:
=INDEX(array,row_num,[column_num])
Arguments:
•array Required
A range of cells or an array constant.
•row_num Optional
Selects the row in array from which to return a value.
oIf row_num is omitted, column_num is required.
•column_num Optional
Selects the column in array from which to return a value.
oIf column_num is omitted, row_num is required.
Microsoft® Excel® Lookup Functions
Description:
• Returns the value of an element in a table or an array, selected by the row and
column number indexes.
Remarks:
• If both the row_num and column_num arguments are used, INDEX returns the
value in the cell at the intersection of row_num and column_num.
Errors:
#REF! – If row_num and column_num do not point to a cell within array
Microsoft® Excel® Lookup Functions
Microsoft® Excel® Lookup Functions
Syntax:
=MATCH(lookup_value, lookup_array, [match_type])
Arguments:
•lookup_value Required
The value that you want to match in lookup_array.
•lookup_array Required
The range of cells being searched.
•match_type Optional
Specifies how Excel matches lookup_value with values in lookup_array.
oThe number -1, 0, or 1
Microsoft® Excel® Lookup Functions
Description:
• Searches for a specified item in a range of cells, and then returns the relative
position of that item in the range
Remarks:
• The lookup_value argument can be a value (number, text, or logical value) or a
cell reference to a number, text, or logical value.
• MATCH returns the position of the matched value within lookup_array, not the
value itself.
• MATCH does not distinguish between uppercase and lowercase letters when
matching text values.
Errors:
#N/A – If MATCH is unsuccessful in finding a match
Microsoft® Excel® Lookup Functions
Value
Behavior
Restrictions
1
MATCH finds the largest value that
is less than or equal to
lookup_value.
The values in the lookup_array
argument must be placed in
ascending order.
0
MATCH finds the first value that is
exactly equal to lookup_value.
None
-1
MATCH finds the smallest value
that is greater than or equal to
lookup_value.
The values in the lookup_array
argument must be placed in
descending order.
Default
Microsoft® Excel® Lookup Functions
Microsoft® Excel® Lookup Functions
TODAY
=TODAY()
NOW
=NOW()
YEARFRAC
=YEARFRAC(start_date,end_date,[basis])
DATEDIF
=DATEDIF(startdate,enddate,interval)
Syntax:
=DATE(year,month,day)
Arguments:
•year Required
The value of the year argument can include one to four digits.
•month Required
A positive or negative integer representing the month of the year from 1 to
12 (January to December).
•day Required
A positive or negative integer representing the day of the month from 1 to
31.
Microsoft® Excel® Date Functions
Description:
• Returns the sequential serial number that represents a particular date.
Remarks:
• If the cell format was General before the function was entered, the result is
formatted as a date instead of a number.
• Excel interprets the year argument according to the date system your
computer is using.
• By default, Microsoft Excel for Windows uses the 1900 date system; Microsoft
Excel for the Macintosh uses the 1904 date system.
• Excel stores dates as sequential serial numbers so that they can be used in
calculations.
Errors:
None
Microsoft® Excel® Date Functions
What is the serial date for the date in
A2:C2, using the 1900 date system?
=DATE(A2,B2,C2)
Microsoft® Excel® Date Functions
What is the serial date for the date in
A2:C2, using the 1900 date system?
=DATE(A2,B2,C2)
=39448
Microsoft® Excel® Date Functions
Syntax:
=TODAY()
Arguments:
None
Microsoft® Excel® Date Functions
Description:
• Returns the serial number of the current date.
Remarks:
• If the cell format was General before the function was entered, Excel changes
the cell format to Date.
• If you want to view the serial number, you must change the cell format to
General or Number.
• The TODAY function is useful when you need to have the current date
displayed on a worksheet, regardless of when you open the workbook.
• The TODAY function is dependent on your computer’s system clock being
correct.
Errors:
None
Microsoft® Excel® Date Functions
=TODAY()
Microsoft® Excel® Date Functions
=TODAY()
Microsoft® Excel® Date Functions
Syntax:
=NOW()
Arguments:
None
Microsoft® Excel® Date Functions
Description:
• Returns the serial number of the current date and time.
Remarks:
• If the cell format was General before the function was entered, Excel changes the cell
format to the same date and time format that is specified in the regional date and time
settings in Control Panel.
• The NOW function is useful when you need to display the current date and time on a
worksheet or calculate a value based on the current date and time, and have that value
updated each time you open the worksheet.
• Numbers to the right of the decimal point in the serial number represent the time;
numbers to the left represent the date.
• The results of the NOW function change only when the worksheet is calculated or when a
macro that contains the function is run. It is not updated continuously.
Errors:
None
Microsoft® Excel® Date Functions
=NOW()
Microsoft® Excel® Date Functions
=NOW()
Microsoft® Excel® Date Functions
Syntax:
=YEARFRAC(start_date,end_date,[basis])
Arguments:
•start_date Required
A date that represents the start date.
•end_date Required
A date that represents the end date.
•basis Optional
The type of day count basis to use.
Microsoft® Excel® Date Functions
Description:
• Calculates the fraction of the year represented by the number of whole days
between two dates (the start_date and the end_date).
Remarks:
• Use the YEARFRAC worksheet function to identify the proportion of a whole
year's benefits or obligations to assign to a specific term.
• Dates should be entered by using the DATE function, or as results of other
formulas or functions.
• All arguments are truncated to integers.
Errors:
#VALUE – If start_date or end_date are not valid dates
#NUM! – If basis < 0
#NUM! – If basis > 4
Microsoft® Excel® Date Functions
What is the fraction of the year between the two dates?
=YEARFRAC(A2,A3,A4)
Microsoft® Excel® Date Functions
What is the fraction of the year between the two dates?
=YEARFRAC(A2,A3,A4)
=0.583333333
Microsoft® Excel® Date Functions
Syntax:
=DATEDIF(startdate,enddate,interval)
Arguments:
•startdate Required
A date that represents the start date.
•enddate Required
A date that represents the end date.
•interval Required
The type of day count basis to use.
Microsoft® Excel® Date Functions
Syntax:
=DATEDIF(startdate,enddate,interval)
Arguments:
•interval Required
The type of day count basis to use.
Microsoft® Excel® Date Functions
Description:
• Computes the difference between two dates in a variety of different intervals.
Remarks:
• If you have the interval in another cell referenced by the formula, that cell
should not have quotes around the interval string.
• When calculating date intervals, DATEDIF uses the year of startdate, not
enddate when calculating the yd, ym and md intervals
Errors:
#VALUE – If start_date or end_date are not valid dates
#NUM! – If start date is not less than or equal to the end date
Microsoft® Excel® Date Functions
What is the difference in days between the two dates?
=DATEDIF(A2,A3,”d”)
Microsoft® Excel® Date Functions
What is the difference in days between the two dates?
=DATEDIF(A2,A3,”d”)
=210
Microsoft® Excel® Date Functions
FIND
=FIND(find_text,within_text,[start_num])
LEFT
=LEFT(text,[num_chars])
LEN
=LEN(text)
RIGHT
=RIGHT(text,[num_chars])
CONCATENATE (including &)
=CONCATENATE(text1, [text2], ...)
UPPER
=UPPER(text)
LOWER
=LOWER(text)
PROPER
=PROPER(text)
Syntax:
=FIND(find_text,within_text,[start_num])
Arguments:
•find_text Required
The text you want to find.
•within_text Required
The text string containing the text you want to find.
•start_num Optional
Specifies the character at which to start the search.
Microsoft® Excel® Text Functions
Description:
• Locates one text string within a second text string, and returns the number of
the starting position of the first text string from the first character of the
second text string
Remarks:
• FIND always counts each character.
• The first character in within_text is character number 1.
• If you omit start_num, it is assumed to be 1.
• FIND is case sensitive.
• If find_text is "" (empty text), FIND matches the first character in the search
string (that is, the character numbered start_num or 1).
Microsoft® Excel® Text Functions
Errors:
#VALUE! – If find_text does not appear in within_text
#VALUE! – If start_num is not greater than zero
#VALUE! – If start_num is greater than the length of within_text
Microsoft® Excel® Text Functions
A
11
Miriam McGovern
=FIND(“M”,A11)
=1
Microsoft® Excel® Text Functions
A
11
Miriam McGovern
=FIND(“M”,A11,3)
=8
Microsoft® Excel® Text Functions
A
11
Miriam McGovern
=FIND(“m”,A11)
=6
Microsoft® Excel® Text Functions
Syntax:
=LEFT(text,[num_chars])
Arguments:
•text Required
The text string that contains the characters you want to extract.
•num_chars Optional
Specifies the number of characters you want LEFT to extract.
Microsoft® Excel® Text Functions
Description:
• Returns the first character or characters in a text string, based on the number of
characters you specify
Remarks:
• LEFT always counts each character.
• Num_chars must be => 0.
Microsoft® Excel® Text Functions
A
1
Data
2 Sale Price
=LEFT(A2,4)
=Sale
Microsoft® Excel® Text Functions
A
1
Data
2 Sale Price
3 Sweden
=LEFT(A3)
=S
Microsoft® Excel® Text Functions
Syntax:
=LEN(text)
Arguments:
•text Required
The text whose length you want to find.
Microsoft® Excel® Text Functions
Description:
• Returns the number of characters in a text string.
Remarks:
• Spaces count as characters.
Microsoft® Excel® Text Functions
A
1
2
Data
Phoenix, AZ
3
4
5
6
One
=LEN(A2)
=11
Microsoft® Excel® Text Functions
A
1
2
Data
Phoenix, AZ
3
4
5
6
One
=LEN(A4)
=0
Microsoft® Excel® Text Functions
A
1
2
Data
Phoenix, AZ
3
4
5
6
One
=LEN(A6)
=8
Microsoft® Excel® Text Functions
Syntax:
=RIGHT(text,[num_chars])
Arguments:
•text Required
The text string that contains the characters you want to extract.
•num_chars Optional
Specifies the number of characters you want RIGHT to extract.
Microsoft® Excel® Text Functions
Description:
• Returns the last character or characters in a text string, based on the number of
characters you specify.
Remarks:
• RIGHT always counts each character.
• Num_chars must be => 0.
Microsoft® Excel® Text Functions
A
1
Data
2 Sale Price
3
4 Stock Number
=RIGHT(A2,5)
=Price
Microsoft® Excel® Text Functions
A
1
Data
2 Sale Price
3
4 Stock Number
=RIGHT(A2,LEN(A2)-FIND(“ “,A2))
=RIGHT(A2,10-5)
=RIGHT(A2,5)
=Price
Microsoft® Excel® Text Functions
A
1
Data
2 Sale Price
3
4 Stock Number
=RIGHT(A4)
=r
Microsoft® Excel® Text Functions
Syntax:
=CONCATENATE(text1, [text2], ...)
Arguments:
•text1 Required
The first text item to be concatenated.
•text2 Optional
Additional text items, up to a maximum of 255 items, which must be separated
by commas.
Microsoft® Excel® Text Functions
Description:
• Joins up to 255 text strings into one text string.
Remarks:
• The joined items can be text, numbers, cell references, or a combination of
those items.
Microsoft® Excel® Text Functions
A
B
C
Data
Data
Data
2 Brook trout
Andreas
Hauser
3 species
Fourth
Pine
1
4 32
=CONCATENATE(“Stream Population for “,A2,” “,A3, “ is “,A4,”/mile”)
=Stream Population for Brook trout species is 32/mile
Microsoft® Excel® Text Functions
A
B
C
Data
Data
Data
2 Brook trout
Andreas
Hauser
3 species
Fourth
Pine
1
4 32
=CONCATENATE(B2, “ “, C2)
=Andreas Hauser
Microsoft® Excel® Text Functions
A
B
C
Data
Data
Data
2 Brook trout
Andreas
Hauser
3 species
Fourth
Pine
1
4 32
=CONCATENATE(C2, “, “ , B2)
=Hauser, Andreas
Microsoft® Excel® Text Functions
A
B
C
Data
Data
Data
2 Brook trout
Andreas
Hauser
3 species
Fourth
Pine
1
4 32
=CONCATENATE(B3, “ & “ , C3)
=Fourth & Pine
Microsoft® Excel® Text Functions
A
B
C
Data
Data
Data
2 Brook trout
Andreas
Hauser
3 species
Fourth
Pine
1
4 32
=B3& “ & “ &C3
=Fourth & Pine
Microsoft® Excel® Text Functions
Syntax:
=UPPER(text)
Arguments:
•text Required
The text you want converted to uppercase.
Microsoft® Excel® Text Functions
Description:
• Converts text to uppercase.
Remarks:
• Text can be a reference or text string.
Microsoft® Excel® Text Functions
=UPPER(A2)
=TOTAL
Microsoft® Excel® Text Functions
=UPPER(A3)
=YIELD
Microsoft® Excel® Text Functions
Syntax:
=LOWER(text)
Arguments:
•text Required
The text you want converted to lowercase.
Microsoft® Excel® Text Functions
Description:
• Converts all uppercase letters in a text string to lowercase.
Remarks:
• LOWER does not change characters in text that are not letters.
Microsoft® Excel® Text Functions
=LOWER(A2)
=e.e. cummings
Microsoft® Excel® Text Functions
=LOWER(A3)
=apt. 2b
Microsoft® Excel® Text Functions
Syntax:
=PROPER(text)
Arguments:
•text Required
Text enclosed in quotation marks, a formula that returns text, or a reference to
a cell containing the text you want to partially capitalize.
Microsoft® Excel® Text Functions
Description:
• Capitalizes the first letter in a text string and any other letters in text that
follow any character other than a letter.
Remarks:
• PROPER converts all other letters to lowercase letters.
Microsoft® Excel® Text Functions
=PROPER(A2)
=This Is A Title
Microsoft® Excel® Text Functions
=PROPER(A3)
=2-Cent’S Worth
Microsoft® Excel® Text Functions
=PROPER(A4)
=76Budget
Microsoft® Excel® Text Functions




The TRIM function removes leading and
trailing spaces from the input.
Syntax: =TRIM(text)
The CLEAN function removes all non
printable characters from the input.
Syntax: =CLEAN(text)
=Replace(A1, 1, 5, "Beta")
would return "Betabet Soup"
=Replace(A2, 5, 2, "1234")
would return "Tech1234TheNet"
=Replace("apples", 2, 5, "te")
would return "ate"
DAVERAGE
=DAVERAGE(database,field,criteria)
DCOUNT
=DCOUNT(database,field,criteria)
DMAX
=DMAX(database,field,criteria)
DMIN
=DMIN(database,field,criteria)
DSUM
=DSUM(database,field,criteria)
Syntax:
=DAVERAGE(database,field,criteria)
Arguments:
•database Required
The range of cells that makes up the list or database.
•field Required
Indicates which column is used in the function.
•criteria Required
The range of cells that contains the conditions you specify.
Microsoft® Excel® Database Functions
Description:
•Averages the values in a field (column) of records in a list or database that
match conditions you specify.
Remarks:
•You can use any range for the criteria argument, as long as it includes at least
one column label and at least one cell below the column label for specifying the
condition
•Although the criteria range can be located anywhere on the worksheet, do not
place the criteria range below the list
•Make sure the criteria range does not overlap the list
•To perform an operation on an entire column in a database, enter a blank line
below the column labels in the criteria range.
Errors:
None specified
Microsoft® Excel® Database Functions
The average yield of apple trees over 10 feet in height.
=DAVERAGE(A4:E10,"Yield",A1:B2)
Microsoft® Excel® Database Functions
The average yield of apple trees over 10 feet in height.
=DAVERAGE(A4:E10,"Yield",A1:B2)
Microsoft® Excel® Database Functions
The average yield of apple trees over 10 feet in height.
=DAVERAGE(A4:E10,"Yield",A1:B2)
Microsoft® Excel® Database Functions
The average yield of apple trees over 10 feet in height.
=DAVERAGE(A4:E10,"Yield",A1:B2)
Microsoft® Excel® Database Functions
The average yield of apple trees over 10 feet in height.
=DAVERAGE(A4:E10,"Yield",A1:B2)
=12
Microsoft® Excel® Database Functions
The average age of all trees in the database.
=DAVERAGE(A4:E10,3,A4:E10)
Microsoft® Excel® Database Functions
The average age of all trees in the database.
=DAVERAGE(A4:E10, 3,A4:E10)
Microsoft® Excel® Database Functions
The average age of all trees in the database.
=DAVERAGE(A4:E10, 3,A4:E10)
Microsoft® Excel® Database Functions
The average age of all trees in the database.
=DAVERAGE(A4:E10, 3,A4:E10)
Microsoft® Excel® Database Functions
The average age of all trees in the database.
=DAVERAGE(A4:E10, 3,A4:E10)
=13
Microsoft® Excel® Database Functions
The maximum profit of apple and pear trees.
=DMAX(A4:E10,"Profit",A1:A3)
Microsoft® Excel® Database Functions
The maximum profit of apple and pear trees.
=DMAX(A4:E10,"Profit",A1:A3)
Microsoft® Excel® Database Functions
The maximum profit of apple and pear trees.
=DMAX(A4:E10,"Profit",A1:A3)
Microsoft® Excel® Database Functions
The maximum profit of apple and pear trees.
=DMAX(A4:E10,"Profit",A1:A3)
Microsoft® Excel® Database Functions
The maximum profit of apple and pear trees.
=DMAX(A4:E10,"Profit",A1:A3)
=105
Microsoft® Excel® Database Functions
The minimum profit of apple trees over 10 in height.
=DMIN(A4:E10,"Profit",A1:B2)
Microsoft® Excel® Database Functions
The minimum profit of apple trees over 10 in height.
=DMIN(A4:E10,"Profit",A1:B2)
Microsoft® Excel® Database Functions
The minimum profit of apple trees over 10 in height.
=DMIN(A4:E10,"Profit",A1:B2)
Microsoft® Excel® Database Functions
The minimum profit of apple trees over 10 in height.
=DMIN(A4:E10,"Profit",A1:B2)
Microsoft® Excel® Database Functions
The minimum profit of apple trees over 10 in height.
=DMIN(A4:E10,"Profit",A1:B2)
=75
Microsoft® Excel® Database Functions
This function looks at the records of apple trees between a height of 10 and 16 and
counts how many of the Age fields in those records contain numbers.
=DCOUNT(A4:E10,"Age",A1:F2)
Microsoft® Excel® Database Functions
This function looks at the records of apple trees between a height of 10 and 16 and
counts how many of the Age fields in those records contain numbers.
=DCOUNT(A4:E10,"Age",A1:F2)
Microsoft® Excel® Database Functions
This function looks at the records of apple trees between a height of 10 and 16 and
counts how many of the Age fields in those records contain numbers.
=DCOUNT(A4:E10,"Age",A1:F2)
Microsoft® Excel® Database Functions
This function looks at the records of apple trees between a height of 10 and 16 and
counts how many of the Age fields in those records contain numbers.
=DCOUNT(A4:E10,"Age",A1:F2)
Microsoft® Excel® Database Functions
This function looks at the records of apple trees between a height of 10 and 16 and
counts how many of the Age fields in those records contain numbers.
=DCOUNT(A4:E10,"Age",A1:F2)
=1
Microsoft® Excel® Database Functions
The total profit from apple trees.
=DSUM(A4:E10,"Profit",A1:A2)
Microsoft® Excel® Database Functions
The minimum profit of apple trees over 10 in height.
=DSUM(A4:E10,"Profit",A1:A2)
Microsoft® Excel® Database Functions
The minimum profit of apple trees over 10 in height.
=DSUM(A4:E10,"Profit",A1:A2)
Microsoft® Excel® Database Functions
The minimum profit of apple trees over 10 in height.
=DSUM(A4:E10,"Profit",A1:A2)
Microsoft® Excel® Database Functions
The minimum profit of apple trees over 10 in height.
=DSUM(A4:E10,"Profit",A1:A2)
=225
Microsoft® Excel® Database Functions


Study the review questions at the textbook
websites for the chapters covered in the final
exam.
http://wps.prenhall.com/bp_kroenke_experie
ncing_1/62/16106/4123157.cw/index.html
Databases and Data Warehouses
There are two overall approaches to maintaining data: the
traditional file approach—which has no mechanism for tagging,
retrieving, and manipulating data—and the ____, which does
have this mechanism.
A)
B)
C)
D)
database approach
data approach
datafile approach
indexed file approach
There are two overall approaches to maintaining data: the
traditional file approach—which has no mechanism for tagging,
retrieving, and manipulating data—and the ____, which does
have this mechanism.
A)
B)
C)
D)
database approach
data approach
datafile approach
indexed file approach
Ref. p 234



Traditional file approach: no mechanism for
tagging, retrieving, or manipulating data
Database approach: provides powerful
mechanism for managing and manipulating data
Traditional approach is inconvenient:
 Program-data dependency
 High data redundancy
 Low data integrity


Data redundancy: duplication of data
Data integrity: accuracy of data
Management Information Systems, Sixth Edition
143
Management Information Systems, Sixth Edition
144
A database itself is a collection of several related files, but DBMSs
do all the work—structuring files, storing data, and linking
records.
A)
B)
True
False
A database itself is a collection of several related files, but DBMSs
do all the work—structuring files, storing data, and linking
records.
A)
B)
True
False
Ref. P. 236
The very fact that manipulation of the data requires a
programmer is probably the greatest disadvantage of the ____.
A)
B)
C)
D)
information file approach
file approach
database approach
indexed file approach
The very fact that manipulation of the data requires a
programmer is probably the greatest disadvantage of the ____.
A)
B)
C)
D)
information file approach
file approach
database approach
indexed file approach
Ref. p 234


Database approach: data organized as entities
Entity: an object about which an organization
chooses to collect data, such as:
 People
 Events
 Products

Character: smallest piece of data
 A single letter or a digit

Field: single piece of information about entity
Management Information Systems, Sixth Edition
149





Record: collection of related fields
File: collection of related records
Database fields can hold images, sounds,
video clips, etc.
Field name allows easy access to the data
Database management system (DBMS):
program used to:
 Build databases
 Populate a database with data
 Manipulate data in a database
Management Information Systems, Sixth Edition
150
Management Information Systems, Sixth Edition
151

Database administrator (DBA): the person
responsible for managing the database
 Sets user limits for access to data in the database

DBMS is usually bundled with a programming
language
Management Information Systems, Sixth Edition
152


Relational Model: consists of tables
Based on relational algebra
 Tuple: record (or row)
 Attribute: field (or column)
 Relation: table of records


To design a relational database, you must
understand the entities to be stored in the
database and how they relate
Tables are independent of each other, but can
be related to each other
Management Information Systems, Sixth Edition
153
To link records from one table with records of another table, the
tables must have at least one field in common, and that field
must be a ____ field for one of the tables.
A)
B)
C)
D)
composite key
main key
foreign key
primary key
To link records from one table with records of another table, the
tables must have at least one field in common, and that field
must be a ____ field for one of the tables.
A)
B)
C)
D)
composite key
main key
foreign key
primary key
Ref. p 240

Key: a field whose values identify records
 Used to retrieve records

Primary key: a field by which records are
uniquely identified
 Each record in the table must have a unique key
value

Composite key: combination of fields that
serve as a primary key
Management Information Systems, Sixth Edition
156
Management Information Systems, Sixth Edition
157
Data is accessed in a database by sending messages called
“protocols,” which request data from specific records and/or
fields and direct the computer to display the results.
A)
B)
True
False
Data is accessed in a database by sending messages called
“protocols,” which request data from specific records and/or
fields and direct the computer to display the results.
A)
B)
True
False
Ref. P. 237


Query: a message to the database requesting
data from specific records and/or fields
Database must be properly secured
 Not everyone should have access to all data
 Users will have different views of the database,
based on the data they are allowed to see
Management Information Systems, Sixth Edition
160

Foreign key: a field that is common to two tables
 Used to link the tables
 This field is a primary key in one table and a foreign
key in the other


Join table: composite of tables
Two types of table relationships:
 One-to-many relationship: one item in a table is
linked to many items in the other table
 Many-to-many relationship: many items in a table
are linked to many items of the other table
Management Information Systems, Sixth Edition
161


Object-oriented database model: uses objectoriented approach for the database structure
Encapsulation: combined storage of data and
relevant procedures to process it
 Allows object to be “planted” in different data sets
Inheritance: the ability to create a new object by
replicating the characteristics of an existing
(parent) object
 Object-oriented databases (ODBs) store data
objects, not records

Management Information Systems, Sixth Edition
162



Relational operation: creates a temporary
subset of a table or tables
Used to create a limited list or a joined table list
Three important relational operations:
 Select: a selection of records based on conditions
 Project: a selection of certain columns from a table
 Join: join data from multiple tables to create a
temporary table
Management Information Systems, Sixth Edition
163


Structured Query Language (SQL): query
language of choice for DBMSs
Advantages of SQL:
 It is an international standard
 It is provided with most relational DBMSs
 It has easy-to-remember, intuitive commands
Management Information Systems, Sixth Edition
164
A ____ is the general logical structure in which records are stored
within a database and the method used to establish
relationships among the records.
A)
B)
C)
D)
database relationship
database model
database list
database catalog
A ____ is the general logical structure in which records are stored
within a database and the method used to establish
relationships among the records.
A)
B)
C)
D)
database relationship
database model
database list
database catalog
Ref. p 238
A schema describes the structure of the database being designed:
the names and types of fields in each record type and the
general relationships among different sets of records or files.
A)
B)
True
False
A schema describes the structure of the database being designed:
the names and types of fields in each record type and the
general relationships among different sets of records or files.
A)
B)
True
False
Ref. p 244

Schema: a plan that describes the structure
of the database, including:
 Names and sizes of fields
 Identification of primary keys
 Relationships

Data dictionary: a repository of information
about the data and its organization
 Also called metadata: the data about the data
Management Information Systems, Sixth Edition
169
While a transactional database contains current data, which is
disposed of after some time, the data in ____ is accumulated
and might reflect many years of business activities.
A)
B)
C)
D)
data warehouses
data carts
information bases
information repositories
While a transactional database contains current data, which is
disposed of after some time, the data in ____ is accumulated
and might reflect many years of business activities.
A)
B)
C)
D)
data warehouses
data carts
information bases
information repositories
Ref. p 248



Most data collections are used for
transactions
Accumulation of transaction data is useful
Data warehouse: a large repository database
that supports management decision making
 Typically relational
 Data is collected from transactional databases

Data mart: a smaller collection of data
focusing on a particular subject or
department
Management Information Systems, Sixth Edition
172
Because of capacity needs, organizations often choose ____ to
store and manage data warehouses.
A)
B)
C)
D)
midrange servers
high speed networks
mainframe computers with multiple CPUs
workstations
Because of capacity needs, organizations often choose ____ to
store and manage data warehouses.
A)
B)
C)
D)
midrange servers
high speed networks
mainframe computers with multiple CPUs
workstations
Ref. p 250

Transactional databases are not suitable for
business analysis
 Contain only current, not historical data

Data warehouse requires large storage
capacity:
 Mainframe computers are often used
 Scalability is an issue
 Data warehouses grow continually
Management Information Systems, Sixth Edition
175
There are two phases involved in building a data warehouse from
transactional data: extraction and transforming.
A)
B)
True
False
There are two phases involved in building a data warehouse from
transactional data: extraction and transforming.
A)
B)
True
False
Ref. p 251

Three phases in transferring data from a
transactional database to a data warehouse:
 Extraction phase: create files from transactional
database
 Transformation phase: cleanse and modify the
data format
 Loading phase: transfer files to data warehouse


A properly built data warehouse becomes a
single source for all data required for analysis
Data mining and online analytical processing
(OLAP) use data in data warehouses
Management Information Systems, Sixth Edition
178