Download Chapter 10 Book Reading Assessment

Name:______________________
Environmental Issues
Date:
Chapter 10 Reading Assessment
1. Which of the following is not an example of human degradation or disturbance of the environment?
a. Alien species
b. Extreme weather conditions
c. Clear cutting
d. Agriculture
2. _____value is based on the very existence of something and _________ value is based on its usefulness.
a. Aesthetic, utilitarian
b. Existential, commercial
c. Inherent, economic
d. Intrinsic, instrumental
3. What do we call forest that has not been disturbed for several hundred years?
a. Ancient forest
b. Heritage forest
c. Old-growth forest
d. Second-growth forest
4. Deforestation has all of the following effects except
a. Extinction of species with specialized niches
b. Flooding
c. Increase in soil fertility
d. Regional climate change
5. True or False: There is more forest in the United States today than there was in 1920
Answer: True
6. Which of the following is not a strategy for preventing the destruction of tropical forests?
a. Add subsidies that promote sustainable use of the forest
b. Certify lumber as sustainable
c. Reduce poverty
d. Subsidize clear-cutting forests
7. True or False: Ground fires can benefit a forest ecosystem by burning off flammable ground material and
preventing more destructive fires, releasing nutrients, and stimulating seed germination.
8. Globalization may have which of the following effects on the U.S. timber market?
a. Biodiversity could decrease as owners of forests sell their land to developers.
b. Biodiversity could be sustained because of fewer forests would be harvested.
c. Stewardship of public lands could decline as revenue to the U.S. government decreases
d. All of the choices
9. Which one of the following reasons is not a basic cause of tropical deforestation?
a. Exports
b. Poverty
c. Population growth
d. Ranching
10. True or False: Our national parks would be better off if they were less popular
11. Adaptive ecosystem management
a. Implements a strategy that has been thoroughly planned and no longer subject to revision.
b. Lets conservation experts decide what to do with land
c. Views all decisions as scientific and social experiments
d. Views economies as the enemy of ecosystems
12. A biodiversity hotspot is
a. Especially rich in plant and animal species
b. In great danger of species extinction
c. A unique area with species found nowhere else
d. All of the choices
13. Which of the following is not an example of ecological restoration?
a. Reintroducing native species
b. Removing dams
c. Replacing grasslands with new forests
d. Replanting forests
14. True or False: Cutting large sections of forests may affect water loss and nutrient cycling on those areas.
15. ____________ are unfenced grasslands in temperate and tropical climates that supply forage or vegetation for
grazing (grass-eating) and browsing (shrub-eating) animals.
a. Pastures
b. Rangelands
c. Croplands
d. Savannas
16. True or False: Moderate (not excessive or overgrazing) of grasslands by herbivores can stimulate growth and
diversity of grassland plants
17. Which of the following is not a direct result of human activities?
a. Changes in number and distribution of species
b. Climate change
c. Alteration of natural chemical cycles
d. Pollution
18. _________ is a value based on the willingness of people to pay to protect natural capital for use by future
generations
a. Existence value
b. Intrinsic value
c. Aesthetic value
d. Bequest value
19. Which of the following are the most restricted-use lands?
a. National Wilderness Preservation System Areas
b. National Forests
c. National Wildlife Refuges
d. National Resource Lands
20. Which type of forest would probably contain stands of trees that grew following a fire?
a. Tree farm
b. Old-growth forest
c. Second-growth forest
d. None of the choices
21. Which of the following describes clear cutting?
a. Increased biodiversity
b. Increased timber yield per acre
c. Reduces soil erosion
d. Increased recreational value
22. Which of the following is a more sustainable method of clear cutting?
a. Strip cutting
b. Shelter wood cutting
c. Seed-tree cutting
d. High grading
23. What type of fire is the most ecologically damaging?
a. Surface
b. Natural
c. Crown
d. Ground
24. What is an alternative to harvesting timber?
a. Clear cut forests
b. Reduce tree harvesting subsidies
c. Certify sustainable lumber
d. Make paper from non-tree sources
25. In __________, participating countries act as custodians for protected forest in return for foreign aid or debt
relief.
a. Conservation easements
b. A dept-for-nature-swap
c. Full-cost pricing
d. Biocultural restoration
26. Which of the following is a major problem of U.S. national parks?
a. Too much land area to manage
b. Lack of management plans
c. Wildfires
d. Popularity
27. According to conservation biologists, how much of the Earth’s land surface should be strictly protected?
a. 5%
b. 20%
c. 25%
d. 40%
28. We can best protect a biosphere reserve by surrounding it with ___________
a. Humans settlement
b. Buffer zones
c. Resource extraction
d. Another biosphere reserve
29. Which country has created megareserves to sustain 80% of its biodiversity?
a. United States
b. Brazil
c. Costa Rica
d. China
30. Where is most of the protected wilderness in the United States?
a. Hawaii
b. California
c. Florida
d. Alaska
31. According to E.O. Wilson, which of the following is not a strategy we should employ to protect ecosystems and
species?
a. Stop logging of all second-growth forests
b. Preserve biological hot spots
c. Map the world’s biodiversity
d. Protect and restore rivers and lakes
32. __________ are managed grasslands or enclosed meadows usually planted with domesticated grasses or other
forage and are sustainable if managed properly.
a. Rangelands
b. Pastures
c. Cropland
d. Taiga
33. Which of the following is not a problem associated with overgrazing of grasslands?
a. Increased soil erosion
b. Increased soil compaction (holds less water)
c. Increases net primary productivity
d. Increases invading species that can’t be eaten by grazers
34. One solution to overgrazing is to confine cattle to one area for a short time and then move them to another
before overgrazing take place. This method is called
a. Rotational grazing
b. No-till agriculture
c. Rangeland control
d. Riparian zones