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Transcript
My Very Early Morning Jam Sandwich Usually Nauseates People • • • For the nine planets Pluto no planet anymore New one: My E R C U R Y Very E N U S Expensive A R T H Mandarin Juice A U R P S I T E R Smells A T U R N Ultra R A N U S Natural E P T U N E Hades (Greek)/ Pluto (Roman): • Not visible by Greeks/Romans • After discovery named after this god • God of the Underworld Hades drawn by Rei Inamoto • Only visible with good telescopes • 1919 scientists thought Pluto must exist • Discovered in 1930 by Clyde W. Tombaugh • First moon (Charon) discovered in 1978 • 2005 new moons discovered • Latest mission to Pluto: New Horizons • Will reach Pluto in 2015 (launched 2006) • Will explore Pluto and Charon during a Flyby • Will then study one or more KBO New Horizons near Pluto, drawing “Planetary” Symbol Diameter: Mass: Surface Gravity: Distance from Sun: 0,2 x Earth‘s 0,002 x Earth‘s 0,1 x Earth‘s between 4,500 and 7,000 billion km Revolution Period around the Sun: Rotation Period around Axis: Satellites / Rings: Average Temperature 248 years more than 6 days 3 known - 230 °C / 44K • • Pluto is no longer a planet Differs very much from the others • Mostly composed of rock with a water-ice mantle • Its atmosphere contains methane ice (and perhaps N2, CO, CO2) • Other outer planets mainly composed of gas • Higher density than the other planets • Biggest moon (Charon) very large in comparison to Pluto 0.5 : 1; Earth: Moon 1: 0.3 It’s more likely that it is a KBO than a planet The dwarf planets and their moons in comparison to the Earth, Mars and the Earth’s moon (Earth’s moon) • Three moons • One, Charon, found earlier than other ones • Other two found in 2005 • called S/2005 P1 and S/2005 P2 • don’t have real names yet because it isn’t proved they’re really Pluto’s moons • unofficial names are Nix and Hydra • No rings discovered yet Pluto and his moons • Biggest moon • much larger than the other moons • Discovered June 22nd, 1978 by James Christy • orbits Pluto every sixth day • Spins exactly the same time around Pluto as Pluto spins around One side of Pluto always sees Charon, the other one never • Like Pluto made up of ice and rock • some astronomers think Charon was separated by Pluto by a big object that crashed into Pluto • In Greek and Roman Myths Charon was the Ferryman of the death • brought the dead in his boat over river Styx to the Underworld Photo of Charon • largest population of objects beyond Pluto (70,000) • Three types: •Plutinos (“Little Plutos”): Objects orbiting like Pluto (Charon, Orcus, Ixion) •Classical KBOs: Objects orbiting circular (2003 EL61, Quaoar, Varuna) •Scattered KBOs: Very far away KBOs (Eris, 2005 FY9, 2002 AW197) • Very cold and primitive • Many unproved theories about formation • Pluto KBO as well, category Plutino The Kuiper Belt Cronos (Greek)/ Saturn (Roman): • Greek identified Saturn with Cronos • Son of Gaea and Uranus • God of agriculture and time • Roman name Saturn Cronos drawn by Rei Inamoto Shani (Hindu): • Hindu identified Saturn with Shani • Son of Surya, the sun god, and Chhaya • Named “evil-eyed one”, could burn everything with glancing at it • In South India responsible for children’s diseases Drawing of Shani • Saturn visible without telescope • Galileo saw unclear shadows at the sides of Saturn • Christian Huygens identified them as rings in 1655 • Voyager spacecrafts (1980 & 1981) found out much about Saturn • Took great pictures of rings • Great divisions in rings visible (Cassini- and Encke-division) • Before 1800 just seven moons, including Titan (biggest one) were known • Many moons (especially small ones) discovered by Voyager I & II • Much research done on moons nowadays • Newest mission to Saturn: Cassini (with Huygens Lander) • Reached Saturn in 2004, will explore it • Huygens Lander will explore Titan Cassini near Saturn, drawing Planetary Symbol Diameter: 9 x Earth’s Revolution Period around the Sun: Mass: 95 x Earth's Rotation Period around Axis: Surface Gravity: Distance from Sun: 0.92 x Earth's 1,425 billion km (Earth: 149 million km) Satellites / Rings: Average Temperature 29.5 years 11hrs 59 known moons, many rings - 180°C • • • • • • Big planets (Saturn, Jupiter): other layer structure than terrestrial ones Different evolution Less solid material Saturn contains many simple molecules (Hydrogen, Helium etc.), which are liquid because of the high pressure within Saturn Motions in Saturn contribute to the powerful magnetosphere Heat produced in Saturn influences motions of atmosphere Schematic overview of the interior • • • • • • Interesting appearance caused by rings More Sulphur less colourful atmosphere than Jupiter atmosphere very thin compared to other big planets Clouds in low regions Smog in high regions Very few changes since beginning of evolution Some scientist think Saturn is still forming A photo showing cloud belts in the atmosphere • Saturn 59 moons • Largest ring system in solar system • Middle sized moons: Rhea, Dione, Tethys, Enceladus, Janus and Epimetheus • Small moons most big rocks in space • Many moons named after characters of old myths Saturn and Satelites, photo-montage Mimas • Medium-sized moon • Sixth from Saturn • Discovered in 1789 by William Herschel • Icy surface • Diameter as long as from Los Angeles to San Francisco • Big crater makes it look like “Death star” from Star Wars movies Titan • Biggest moon • Diameter as long as from East- to West coast of USA • Bigger than Mercury and Pluto • Second largest moon in solar system • One of two with an atmosphere • Thick atmosphere good images of surface only from Huygens Lander • Discovered in 1655 by Christian Huygens • Very cold (-178°C) • Some scientist think life could exist there Phoebe: • Middle-sized moon • Discovered 1898 by Henry Pickinger • Ninth largest moon • Diameter 220km • Very strange: • Surface dark • Farther away from planet than similar-sized ones • Orbits opposite of other moons • Scientists think it’s asteroid or Kuiper Belt Object captured by Saturn’s gravity long ago Picture sources: Google Bilder