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Appendix S1 Search and selection of the published data
Databases and key words
We searched the point data on the total background losses of woody plant foliage to insects
(quantified as the percentage of leaf area or biomass consumed or otherwise damaged by
defoliating, mining and galling insects) using different databases (primarily the ISI Web of Science)
and search systems (e.g., scholar.google.com). We used combinations of several keywords
(“folivor*” or “herbivor*”, “tree*” or “shrub*” or “woody”, “insect” and “damag*” or “loss*” or
“consum*”) and examined the reference lists of the identified papers. The search was completed on
15 March 2015.
Criteria used in the selection of papers
To be included in our study, a published data source had to fit the following criteria:
1) The losses are attributable to the entire herbivore community (i.e. data on plant damage caused
by a single herbivore species or by a limited number of species were excluded) at the
background levels of their densities (i.e. publications explicitly stating that the data were
collected during an outbreak of some herbivore species were excluded);
2) The losses to insect feeding were not combined with losses to fungal damage or to other
damaging agents;
3) The losses of plant foliage, in terms of the percentage of leaf area or leaf biomass, consumed (or
modified, as in the case of gallers) by herbivorous insects from three feeding guilds (defoliators,
miners and gallers; separately or in combination), were measured from individual leaves of
woody plants and were reported in a form that allowed calculation of the mean values of these
losses (i.e. median values and indices that could not be transformed to the percentages were
excluded);
4) The leaves for the measurements of herbivory were selected in such a way that they allow to
evaluate a plant-wide level of damage (i.e. studies separately reporting the levels of damage of
young and mature leaves were excluded), and the measured plant individuals were haphazardly
selected from the population (i.e. studies separately reporting the levels of herbivory for healthy
and damaged trees, resistant and susceptible trees or trees foraged and not foraged by ants were
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excluded);
5) The study was conducted in a more or less natural ecosystem (i.e. data collected from orchards,
plantations and urban plantings were excluded);
6) The losses were measured in plant species that were native to the study region;
7) The losses were measured in plant individuals that reached the reproductive age;
8) The losses of deciduous plants were measured during the second half of the growth season (i.e.
studies explicitly stating that the data were collected soon after leaf flush were excluded);
9) The year of data collection was indicated in the publication, or it was possible to obtain this
information from the author(s).
Data extraction
When the authors reported several subsequent measurements of foliar losses within a growing
season in highly seasonal environments, we used the data from the last census (i.e. the damage
accumulated during the entire growth season). If the study involved some manipulations, we used
the data from control plants. If the primary data and/or some critical information were missing, we
contacted the authors for clarifications. If not provided in the publication, coordinates of the study
sites were obtained from Google Earth.
Selected papers
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5. Alvarez G., Armbrecht I., Jiménez E., Armbrecht H. & Ulloa-Chacón P. (2001). Ant-plant
association in two Tococa species from a primary rain forest of Colombian Choco
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(Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Sociobiology, 38, 585-602.
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7. Angulo-Sandoval P., Fernández-Marín H., Zimmerman J.K. & Aide T.M. (2004). Changes
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8. Arturi M.F., Relva M.A. & Brown A.D. (1999). Leaf consumption of tree species in
xeromorphic, temperate forests of eastern Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. Revista
Chilena de Historia Natural, 72, 63-71.
9. Bach C.E. & Kelly D. (2004). Effects of forest edges on herbivory in a New Zealand
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for two tropical tree species. Biotropica, 32, 307-317.
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33. Campo J. & Dirzo R. (2003). Leaf quality and herbivory responses to soil nutrient addition
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35. Chaves O.M. & Avalos G. (2006). Is the inverse leafing phenology of the dry forest
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