Download Business Communication

Lecturer: Gareth Jones
Class 3: Referencing
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What is referencing?
Paraphrasing and quoting
The Harvard Referencing System: when and how to use
it
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Order in Report
Section
1
Title Page
2
Table of Contents
3
List of Figures
4
Executive Summary
5
Methods
6
Introduction
7
Main Body
8
Order Written
8
Executive Reads
Always
Write all of these
sections at the end
N/A
N/A
7
Always
1
If interested in
research
3
Sometimes
4
If interested in
research
Conclusion
5
If surprised
9
Recommendations
6
Always
10
Bibliography
2
(As you research)
If report is weak in
some area
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As we can see from the table, as soon as we begin
writing, we need to begin organising our references
Why?
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Referencing is a system used in the professional and
academic world to indicate where
◦ ideas
◦ quotes
◦ facts
◦ and any other information used in a report, can be
found
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It means that any time you write a report using outside
information (books, magazines, websites), you must say
where that information came from
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Quotations: when you use someone else’s written or
spoken words
Paraphrasing: when you take someone else’s words and
convert it into your own words
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Theories
Ideas
Statistics and other data
Images
Music
Designs or plans
Much more!
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Real text from http://www.newyorktimes.com
“Barack Obama will host a meeting of the group of 20
nations to discuss the world economy, trade issues, and
the war in Afghanistan.”
If I want to use this text in a report, I must use a
quotation or paraphrase it
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This is where I use the author’s exact words
I must include quotation marks (“”) to show that these
words are not mine
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Newyorktimes.com article
“Barack Obama will host a meeting of the group of 20
nations to discuss the world economy, trade issues, and
the war in Afghanistan.”
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My version:
This Sunday, “Barack Obama will host a meeting of the
group of 20 nations.”1
1. P, Baker. (2009) Obama Faces Big Decisions. New York
Times [internet], 1 August. Available from:
http://www.nytimes.com [accessed 1 December 2010]
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“Before you sit down and start writing, make some
decisions and set some expectations for yourself.”
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My version:
When writing, you should first “make some decisions and
set some expectations for yourself.”1
1.
Neville, C. (2007) The Complete Guide to Referencing
and Avoiding Plagiarism. Maidenhead, Open University
Press.
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Review
◦ Use Quotation marks (“”) when you are using an
author’s exact words
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This is where you change the author’s words into your
own
◦ I should not use quotation marks because these words
are mine and no one else’s
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Newyorktimes.com article
“Barack Obama will host a meeting of the group of 20
nations to discuss the world economy, trade issues, and
the war in Afghanistan.”
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My version:
Barack Obama will invite the members of the group of 20
nations to discuss many problems facing the world.1
1. P, Baker. (2009) Obama Faces Big Decisions. New
York Times [internet], 1 August. Available from:
http://www.nytimes.com [accessed 1 December
2010]
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From a text book (page 196)
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“Before you sit down and start writing, make some
decisions and set some expectations for yourself.”
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My version:
It is a good idea, before you start writing to set goals and
decide what you want to write about.1
1.
Neville, C. (2007) The Complete Guide to Referencing
and Avoiding Plagiarism. Maidenhead, Open University
Press.
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Don’t use quotation marks when paraphrasing
Be sure to change the words enough
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To avoid plagiarism
To give credit to others that support your research
To show that you have done the research and found
good evidence
It lets the reader find and consult the same materials you
have
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Pretending someone else’s work is your own
When you use someone else’s ideas, and give the
impression that they are your own
Also called ‘Academic Theft’
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AVOID PLAGIARISM AT
ALL COSTS!
PLAIARISM = FAILURE
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Bad:
Barack Obama will invite the members of the group
of 20 nations to discuss many problems facing the
world.
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Good:
Barack Obama will invite the members of the group
of 20 nations to discuss many problems facing the
world.1
P, Baker. (2009) Obama Faces Big Decisions. New York
Times [internet], 1 August. Available from:
http://www.nytimes.com [accessed 1 December 2010]
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Option 1:
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In the body of your work. Called “in text” referencing.
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With either:
◦ Option 2:
 At the end of your report in your bibliography or references list
◦ Option 3:
 Footnotes
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1
Barack Obama will invite the members of the group of
20 nations to discuss many problems facing the world.1
P, Baker. (2009) Obama Faces Big Decisions. New York
Times [internet], 1 August. Available from:
http://www.nytimes.com [accessed 1 December 2010]
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See the example in your text book.
Page 184 (345) of the book
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1. Because of copyright law (it is illegal to use other ideas
without giving credit)
2. Because it shows us which ideas are your own for which
you should get credit
3. Gives credibility to your arguments
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The Harvard Referencing System
The MLA system
…and a few others
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It is the clearest system for the reader (in my humble
opinion and quite a few academics)
It is the easiest system to use for the writer (in my
humble opinion and quite a few academics)
It is Universal (many people use it)
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This System has two parts:
◦ 1. In Text References
◦ 2. Bibliography
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We must have both parts
Only “in text” or only Bibliography is not enough
They work together
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1. These go in the main body of the text to show the
source of your information
2. Use in-text references whenever you mention
something written by someone else, or when you include
someone else’s ideas
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Write the last name of the author and the date of
publication, in brackets e.g. (Greaves, 2004)
Use letters after the date to distinguish between books by
the same author published in the same year (Greaves,
2004a)
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3 Different cases:
1. Paraphrasing
2. Using the author’s name
3. Direct Quotations
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Quotations: when you use someone
else’s written or spoken words
Paraphrasing: when you take someone
else’s words and convert it into your
own words
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Both have their own rules within Harvard Referencing
System…
We must learn these rules
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Case 1: Paraphrasing
Include the reference (Name, Date) at the end of the
sentence.
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Examples:
Barack Obama met with many world leaders today
(Hunter 2009).
Beijing will host the 2008 Olympics (Smith 2003).
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Case 2: Using the Author’s name
If you use the author’s name in your report, only put the
date in brackets
Put the date RIGHT AFTER the author is mentioned
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Examples:
Hunter (2009) said that Barack Obama met with many
world leaders today.
In his article, Smith (2003) states that Beijing will host the
2008 Olympics.
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Case 3: Direct Quotations
For direct quotations, use quotation marks and write the
page number of the source in the reference.
Put the reference (Name, date, page number) at the end
of the sentence
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Example 1:
“Before you sit down and start writing, make some
decisions and set some expectations for yourself.”
(Neville, 2007, p.34).
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Example 2:
You should “make some decisions and set some
expectations for yourself” if you want to be a good writer
(Neville, 2007, p.34).
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1. If you use an image in your report made by
someone else, you must use “in text referencing”
2. Put the reference (name, date) below the
image
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Figure 3.1 Growth of X against y
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Source: Smith (2004)
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…are very helpful because
they show the source of your
information…
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Author
Date
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Article/Book Title
Publisher
Place of Publication
Website
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We need a Bibliography
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The bibliography is a list of sources that you have
either quoted directly or used ideas from.
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It should appear at the end of your report
It should be organised alphabetically by author’s
surname
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Who wrote it? (Author)
What is it called? (Title)
When was it published? (Date)
Where was it published? (Place)
Who published it? (Publisher)
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1. Create the Bibliography as you write
2. Add any source you use to your bibliography right away!
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1. Always use the same format
2. You should also include items read but not referenced
“in text”
i.e. if you read it and it was helpful, but you didn’t quote
directly from it- still include it
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We will now learn the Harvard format for referencing:
◦ Books
◦ Journals
◦ Newspapers/magazines
◦ Online newspapers
◦ Websites
◦ Online Images
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Book (1 author)
1. Author - Surname, Initials
2. (Year of publication)
3. Book Title. or Book Title. or book title.
4. Edition. – if not the first
5. Place of Publication,
5. Publisher.
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Book (1 author)
1. Neville, C.
2. (2007)
3. The Complete Guide to Referencing and Avoiding
Plagiarism
4. Maidenhead,
5. Open University Press.
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Putting it together
Neville, C. (2007) The Complete Guide to Referencing and Avoiding
Plagiarism. Maidenhead, Open University Press.
Neville, C. (2007) The Complete Guide to Referencing and Avoiding
Plagiarism. Maidenhead, Open University Press.
Neville, C. (2007) The Complete Guide to Referencing and Avoiding
Plagiarism. Maidenhead, Open University Press.
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Remember, ask the questions:
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Who wrote it?
When was it published?
What is it called?
Where was it published?
Who published it?
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Boddy, D. (2000) Implementing Cooperative Strategy.
Oxford, The University Press.
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Journal (1 author)
1. Author - Surname, Initials
2. (Year of publication)
3. Article Title.
4. Journal Title. or Journal Title. or Journal Title.
5. Volume
5. (issue) Month,
7. Page number.
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Putting it together
Bennett, M., and James, S. (2001) Through the glass
ceiling: women’s experience of modern workplace
practices. Journal of Gender in Business, 5 (3) June,
pp.32-41.
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1. Author – if not given use title
2. (Year)
3. Article title.
4. Newspaper Title, or Newspaper Title, or Newspaper
Title,
5. Date, page number(s).
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Putting it all together
Hawkes, N. (2008) Brittle bone drug can stop disease
taking hold. The Times, 11 June, p.3.
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1. Author/editor
2. (Year)
3. Article title.
4. Newspaper Title, or Newspaper Title, or Newspaper Title,
5. [internet],
6. Month, page numbers.
7. Available from:
8. <url>
9. [Accessed Day Month Year]
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Putting it together
Elliott, L. (2008) Economic slowdown and tax breaks put
the government in the red. Guardian [Internet], 20
November. Available from:
<http://www.guardian.co.uk/business> [Accessed 19
November 2007].
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1. Author/editor
2. (Year) – ‘n.d.’ for not dated
3. Title, or Title, or Title,
4. [internet],
5. Edition.
6. Place of publication,
7. Publisher. - if identifiable
8. Available from:
9. <url>
10. [Accessed Day Month Year]
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Putting it together
Leeds Metropolitan University (2006) Policy, framework
principles and procedures for research ethics
[Internet], Leeds, Leeds Metropolitan University. Available
from: <http://www.leedsmet.ac.uk/research> [Accessed
20th October 2008].
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1. Title of image, or a description – underlined, or bold,
or in italics and followed by a full stop
2. (Year)
3. [Online image]. or [Online video].
4. Available from:
5. <url>
6. [Accessed Day Month Year]
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Putting it together
Antarctic warming claims another ice shelf. (2008)
[Online image]. Available from:
<http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Study/WilkinsIceSheet/>
[Accessed 24 June 2008].
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Remember, ask the questions:
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Who wrote it?
What is it called?
When was it published?
Where was it published?
Who published it?
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Boddy, D. (2000) Implementing Cooperative Strategy.
Oxford, The University Press.
Elliott, L. (2008) Economic slowdown and tax breaks put
the government in the red. Guardian [Internet], 20
November. Available from:
<http://www.guardian.co.uk/business> [Accessed 19
November 2007].
Hawkes, N. (2008) Brittle bone drug can stop disease
taking hold. The Times, 11 June, p.3.
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Alphabetic order (a-z)
Using consistent formatting throughout
◦ i.e. either this, this or this
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There are many kids of referencing, none is ‘more
correct’ than another
The importance is consistency
Use the same formatting throughout
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Don’t just paraphrase another’s work by changing a few
words or changing the order of presentation without
referencing!
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From Shaw & Holmes, 2005
Collaboration between organisations is a difficult route to
the achievement of strategic objectives. Formal authority
structures are lacking because there are two or more
organisations each with different objectives and control
systems.
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Incorrect
Formal authority structures are lacking because there are
two or more organisations each with different objectives
and control systems so collaboration is a difficult route to
achieve organizational objectives (Shaw & Holmes 2005).
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Correct
There are two challenges in achieving objectives through
collaboration: a) two or more organisations are likely to
have different objectives from collaboration and b) they
have different ways of working (Shaw & Holmes 2005).
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Copy someone else’s work
Copy from any source – internet, friends, previous
students – just don’t!!
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Use someone else's work and present it without
references
Example: using an article which is neither referenced in
the text, nor in the bibliography
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Quote very large pieces of text in your report
Why?
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“Collaboration
between organisations is a difficult route to the achievement of
strategic objectives. Formal authority structures are lacking since there are
two or more organisations, each with different objectives and control systems.
Creating new structures can create uncertainty and managing the alliance
runs the risk of creating costly bureaucracies which stifle initiative and
commitment. There are tensions because of differences in culture,
governance systems and perceived power. There are tensions because of the
risk of free rider problems and the difficulties which organisations and their
members may find in trusting each other. These tensions lead to high failure
rates and raise the costs of collaboration relative to alternative solutions. It
can also be argued that successful collaboration poses particular challenges
to universities. In recent years there has been a growing recognition of the
importance of leadership as a driver of change and a corresponding
strengthening of executive power which may help in finding management
solutions for alliances” (Shaw and Holmes 2005).
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Much of the discussion in the higher education literature has concerned
typologies of different types of collaboration and explanations of their rationale
(Brown, 2001; Beerkens, 2002). Collaboration is seen as a continuum ranging
from loose voluntary co-operation to collaboration so close that it leads to its
own demise through merger and the creation of a single organisational form.
Higher education literature has not been greatly concerned with management
processes, although Lang (2002) points to the conflicts between the need for
strong leadership against sharing of power in effective co-operation and
Pettigrew (2003) has examined equality, power and role conflicts.
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You don’t need to reference common knowledge
For example
◦ Henan is really cold in the winter (Jones, 2011)
◦ Wales is a small country
◦ Basketball is a game
◦ Etc…
But if you are unsure, include a reference
Be consistent with formatting
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You will do some exercises on referencing
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Final stage of the writing process- Editing
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