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Unit 5 – Anatomy &
Physiology
Musculo-Skeletal System
Objectives
• By the end of the lesson you will be able
to:- Identify & correctly label 6 major bones
& 6 major muscles.
- Describe 4 functions of the musculo skeletal system.
- Explain the importance of long bones.
Musculo-Skeletal System
• Made up of 2 body systems.
Muscular
System
Skeletal
System
The Skeletal System
There are 206 bones in the human body - the larger bones are:
Cranium
Scapula
(hidden)
Clavicle
Sternum
Vertebrae
Humerus Radius
Metacarpals
Phalanges
Ribs
Ulna
Carpals
Pelvis
Skip to
labelled
diagram
Femur
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
Phalanges
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Your skeleton is made up of bones, which are held together at joints by
strong ‘straps’ called ligaments.
The Cranium

It is also known as the skull.

It is made up of 8 flat
interlocking bones.

The lower jaw-bone or
mandible is hinged to the
cranium, so you can chew.
The Rib Cage

You have 12 pairs of ribs.

Most are also joined to
the sternum at the front,
except the bottom 2 pairs
which are short floating
ribs.

All are joined to the
vertebrae at the back.
The Functions of the Skeleton
The skeleton is a rigid supporting framework of bones
inside the body, to which all the soft tissues and
organs are attached.
Together, the bones and muscles form a machine
which can perform many different tasks.
The skeleton can:




grow in size.
repair its own broken parts.
lubricate its own joints.
support internal organs.
The 4 main functions of the Skeleton are:




Protection
Support
Movement
Blood Cell Production
Functions of the Skeleton - Summary
1. Protection
The cranium protects the
soft tissue of the brain.
5. Support
The vertebrae support
the head.
2. Movement
The vertebrae allow us to
bend, stretch and rotate
our body.
6. Protection
The rib cage protects the
delicate heart and lungs.
3. Blood Production
Red blood cells are made
in the ribs and limb bones.
4. Support
The bones of the legs
support the body.
7. Movement
The bones and joints work
with muscles to enable us
to walk, run and sprint.
Protection
The hard nature of bone means that the skeleton
can protect the more delicate parts of the body.
Examples:

The cranium (skull)
protects the soft
tissue of the brain.

The rib cage protects
the delicate heart and
lungs.
Support
Without the skeleton, the body would be
flabby and shapeless.
Examples:

The bones of the legs support the body.

The vertebrae support the head.
Movement
The skeleton is jointed to allow us to move when
the muscles attached to them contract.
Example:

The bones and
joints work
with muscles
to enable us
to walk, jog
and sprint.

The vertebrae
allow us to
bend, stretch
and rotate our
body.
Blood Cell Production
Red and white blood cells are made in red bone
marrow which is found at the ends of the femur
and humerus and in the ribs, sternum, pelvis and
vertebrae.
Femur:
Located in the upper
part of the leg.
Red Bone
Marrow
Humerus:
Located in the upper
part of the arm.
The Vertebral Column
Movement:
The joints in the spine allow bending and
twisting.
Support:
The spine is long and strong to support other
body parts, e.g. the head.
Protection:
The spine is hard and protects the nerves
running through the middle, i.e. the spinal cord.
It is made up of 34 vertebrae, which are divided
into 5 regions, each having its own function.
The Vertebral Column
Cervical Vertebrae (7): Support the head, allowing it to
bend and twist.
Thoracic Vertebrae (12): The ribs are connected to
these - there is very little movement.
Lumbar Vertebrae (5): These are big and allow powerful
twisting and bending of the back.
Sacrum Vertebrae (5): These form one solid mass
which is fused to the pelvis.
Coccyx Vertebrae (5): These are the remains of our tail.
What are Bones made of?

Bones start to grow inside the womb,
where they begin as cartilage.

As you get older this turns into hard
bone by a process called ossification.
Cartilage

Bones will only grow properly as long
as certain minerals and vitamins are
eaten:
Periosteum
Vitamin D helps build bone.
Calcium is a mineral which
helps keep bones strong.


Even as a fully-grown adult, the
bone structure is always changing,
as vitamins and minerals are
constantly replaced.
A poor diet will result in soft bones,
whilst a balanced diet and exercise
will make the bones harder.
Bone Marrow
Compact Bone
Spongy Bone
Types of Bones
There are 4 main types of bones in the human body.
Each type has a different size and shape because they
have different jobs to do:
Long Tubular Bones – These are long and
affect our overall height, e.g. the legs & arms
(femur & humerus).
Short Bones – These are smaller and are
often found with many others, e.g. the feet &
hands (phalanges).
Flat Bones – These are flat and are often
found forming a protective surface, e.g. the
skull (cranium) and pelvis.
Irregular Bones – These are irregular in shape
and have a specific function, e.g. the bones of
the spine (vertebral column).
Joints

The human skeleton is jointed to
allow movement.

Muscular contraction causes the
bones to move about the joints.

The bones act as levers with the
joints acting as pivots.
A joint is where two or more bones meet and
muscles act together to cause movement.
Types of Joints
There are 3 main types of joint found in the body.
1. Fixed or Immoveable Joints
The bones at an immoveable joint cannot move they overlap or interlock, and are held together
by a tough fibre, e.g. the skull.
2. Slightly Moveable Joints
The bones at a slightly moveable joint can only move
a little - they are held together by strong straps
called ligaments and are joined by protective pads
known as cartilage, e.g. the ribs.
3. Freely Moveable Joints
At a freely moveable joint the bones move freely.
They are also known as synovial joints, and
are the largest group of joints found in the body,
e.g. the hips, shoulders and knees.
Freely Moveable Joints



Freely Moveable joints are also known as Synovial Joints.
They are freely moving and occur where 2 or more bones meet.
There are about 70 freely moveable joints in the human skeleton.
A typical synovial joint has the following characteristics:
1. Cartilage – A material which covers the end of each bone, and
which helps prevent friction between the joint.
2. Joint Capsule – The outer covering of the joint that holds
the bones together and protects the joint.
3. Synovial Membrane – The inner lining of the joint
capsule which also produces synovial fluid.
4. Synovial Fluid – The fluid which surrounds the joint and
acts like an ‘oil’, lubricating it to allow easy movement.
5. Ligaments – These are elastic straps which join bone to
bone, holding the joint together.
6. Tendons – These are non-elastic straps which join muscle to bone.
Types of Synovial Joints
Freely moveable (synovial) joints can be
divided into six groups depending upon
how they move.
KEY
Ball & Socket Joint
Hinge Joint
Pivot Joint
Gliding Joint
Saddle Joint
Condyloid Joint
1. Ball and Socket Joints
Ball and Socket joints are the most moveable joints in the body.
They can move in all directions, e.g. the hip and shoulder joints.
2. Hinge Joints
Hinge joints work like a hinge on a door.
They can only move in two directions, e.g. the knee and elbow joints.
3. Pivot Joints
This joint only allows rotation,
e.g. the vertebrae of the neck.
4. Gliding Joints
There is a little movement in all
directions, e.g. the hand between
the carpals.
5. Saddle Joints
In these joints there is movement
forwards, backwards and to the
right and left, but no rotation,
e.g. the thumb.
6. Condyloid Joints
Here there is a little movement in
all directions, but there is no
rotation, e.g. the wrist.
The Muscular System
These are the major muscles of the body…
Deltoids
Pectorals
Biceps
Trapezius
Triceps
Latissimus Dorsi
Abdominals
Gluteals
Quadriceps
Hamstrings
Gastrocnemius
Front View
Back View
Functions of the Body Muscles
Muscle
Position in the body
Main Action
Gluteals
In the middle of the
body at the back,
forming the bottom.
Pull the legs back
at the hips.
At the top of each
leg at the back.
Bend the legs at
the knees.
Hamstrings
Gastrocnemius At the bottom of
each leg at the back.
Also known as the
calf muscles.
Straighten the
foot so you can
stand on your
toes.
Muscle
Position in the
Body
Main Action
Trapezius
In the centre of
the chest at the
back of the body,
spreading up.
Hold and rotate
the shoulders and
also move the
head back and
sideways.
Latissimus
Dorsi
At the back of the Pull your arms
body, either side
down at the
of the chest.
shoulders and
back behind your
back.
Triceps
At the top of each Straighten the
arms at the
arm at the back.
elbow.
Muscle
Deltoids
Biceps
Quadriceps
Position in the
Body
In the upper
part of the
body, covering
the shoulders.
Main Action
Raise the arms in
all directions at
the shoulders.
At the top of
Bend the arms
each arm at the at the elbows.
front.
At the top of
each leg at the
front.
Straighten the
legs at the
knees.
Muscle
Pectorals
Abdominals
Position in the
body
Main Action
In the upper part Raise the arms up,
sideways and
of the chest at
across the chest
the front.
at the shoulders.
At the front of
the body in the
middle, just
below the chest.
Pull in the
abdomen and bend
the spine so you
can bend forward.
Muscle Types of the Body
Every movement in the body depends upon muscles to take place.
Within the body, there are 3 types of muscle:
1. Cardiac Muscle
2. Involuntary Muscle
3. Voluntary Muscle
Antagonistic Muscles

Skeletal muscles work across a joint and are attached to the
bones by strong cords known as tendons.

They work in pairs, each contracting or relaxing in turn to create
movement.
Movement of the arm
at the elbow
Objectives
• By the end of the lesson you will be able
to:- Identify & correctly label 6 major bones
& 6 major muscles.
- Describe 4 functions of the musculo skeletal system.
- Explain the importance of long bones.