Download MOVEMENT and SUPPORT in ANIMALS

MOVEMENT and SUPPORT in
ANIMALS
• MOVEMENT is a displacement from one point
to another.
• LOCOMOTION is the movement of a WHOLE
organism from one place to another.
• ONLY ANIMALS carry out locomotion.
Reasons why animals move from place
to place
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
To obtain food
To escape predators
To find a mate
To distribute offspring
To reduce competition
To avoid danger
To maintain position
To avoid waste products
Movement in plants
Movement in plants is seen when it grows.
Growth movements are called TROPISMS.
MOVEMENT IN PLANTS VS
MOVEMENT IN ANIMALS
• Plants exhibits movement when growing(only
certain areas move)
As seem in germinating seedlings
And when plants grow towards sun light,
gravity, touch and water (these are called
tropisms)
• Animals move from point A to B/The whole
organism moves during locomotion.
The Skeleton of Man
•The skeleton of man is an
ENDOSKELETON.
•When the skeleton is located
outside the body it is called an
EXOSKELETON.
Types of Skeletons
Exo-skeleton: animals that have
shells
Endo-skeleton: hard structure
inside the animal.
Hydrostatic skeleton:
Fluid held inside the body
No skeleton
main functions of the skeletal
system?
• Support. Bones
provide a
framework for
the attachment
of muscles and
other tissues.
Blood cell production. The
production of blood cells, or
hematopoiesis, occurs in the red
marrow found within the cavities
of certain bones.
• Movement. Bones
enable body
movements by acting
as levers and points
of attachment for
muscles.
• Protective
Bones such as the skull
and rib cage protect
vital organs from injury.
Bones also protect the
marrow.
The human skeleton can be divided
into two parts:
1. The axial skeleton
2. The appendicular skeleton
The AXIAL
SKELETON IS
MADE UP OF:
1.THE SKULL
2.VERTEBRAL
COLUMN
The Skull
The Vertebral Column
Cervical Vertebrae (7)
Thoracic Vertebrae (12)
Lumbar Vertberae (5)
Sacrum
Coccyx
INCLUDES ALL OTHER
BONES
• Support- framework that supports body
upright and acts as a frame supporting soft
body parts.
• Protection- for delicate organs, heart and lungs
(rib cage), brain(skull), spinal cord (vertebral
column)
• Movement- bones act as levers for muscles
• Mineral storage- calcium & phosphate
• Manufacture of Blood, both Red and White
Blood cells – Made in the bone marrow of the
pelvis,ribs,sternum and leg bones.
MOVEMENT IN MAN
•Movement in a limb
is brought about by
tissues such as
muscles, tendon,
ligaments and bones.
•These all work
together to bring
about MOVEMENT.
• The bones are able
to move because of
JOINTS in the
skeleton.
•Joints are the place
where two bones
meet
A Typical Joint
How muscles move bones
•Bones are attached by
LIGAMENTS.
•Ligaments are the fibrous, slightly
stretchy connective tissues
•They hold one bone to another in
the body, forming a joint.
•They for example preventing
your elbow from bending
backwards,
•Ligaments are composed of
strands of collagen fibers. They are
slightly stretchy.
How muscles move bones
• Muscles are attached to
bones by tendons.
• So what is a tendon? A
tendon is a structure
that connects muscle to
bone, they are nonstretchy.
Antagonistic Muscles
• Movement is achieved
when muscles shorten
(contract) and lengthen
(relax),by contraction
and relaxation of
antagonistic muscles.
• Antagonistic muscles are
PAIRS of muscles; they
always work together.
• When your biceps
contracts it flexes (bends)
the elbow joint. The
bicep is also called the
FLEXOR muscle.
• At the same time it also
pulls the triceps to make
it longer (it relaxes).
Antagonistic Muscles
•When the triceps
contracts is extends
(straightens) the elbow
joint. The tricep is also
called an EXTENSOR
MUSCLE
•At the same time it pulls
the biceps and makes it
longer.
• The two muscles work
together.
•Neither muscle can
stretch itself, it must be
stretched by its antagonist
(partner).
Types of Joints
There are three main types of joints;
1. Fibrous (immoveable),
2. Cartilaginous (partially moveable) and the
3. Synovial (freely moveable) joint.
Fibrous (immoveable)
• These joints are firmly held
together by a thin layer of
strong connectice tissue.
There is no movement
between the bones such as
the sutures of the skull and
the teeth in their sockets.
Cartilaginous (partially
moveable/gliding joints)
Cartilaginous joints between the
thoracic vertebrae.
Pivot Joint
• Cartilaginous joints :joints
in which the bones are
attached by cartilage.
• Allow for only a little
movement, such as in the
spine or ribs.
• A partially movable joint
exist between the atlas
and axis at the top of the
neck ; this is called a pivot
joint.
Synovial (freely moveable) joint.
• Synovial joints allow for
much more movement
than cartilaginous joints.
• Cavities between bones in
synovial joints are filled
with synovial fluid.
• This fluid helps lubricate
(thereby reducing
friction) and protects the
bones.
There are Two Types of Synovial Joints
1. Hinge Joint
A hinge joint allows
extension and
retraction of an
appendage. E.g.
elbows, knees and
finger joints.
2. Bones of hinge
joints can carrying
large loads
HWK
• Practice question on pg 151 of textbook.
There are Two Types of Synovial Joints
2. Ball
and Socket Joint
•A ball and socket joint allows
for radial movement in almost
any direction. They are found
in the hips and shoulders.