Download key bio 139

KEY
BIO 139:
CHAPTER 20 URINARY OBJECTIVES
1.
Name the organs and functions of the urinary system and locate the organs in the
diagram below.
ORGANS
KIDNEYS
FUNCTIONS
FILTER METABOLIC WASTES FROM BLOOD
URETERS
MAINTAIN BLOOD HOMEOSTASIS: blood
volume, blood pressure, blood pH,
composition, red blood cell concentration.
URINARY BLADDED
URETHRA
2.
Explain what the term renal refers to.
The term renal means KIDNEY.
3.
Define the term retroperitoneal.
THE PARIETAL PERITONEUM.
4.
Using the cross-section diagram of a kidney below, locate the renal capsule, renal cortex,
renal medulla, renal pyramids, minor calyces, major calyces, renal sinus, renal pelvis, and
ureter.
THE KIDNEYS AND URETERS ARE LOCATED BEHIND
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5.
Discuss the many ways in which the kidney maintains the blood.
The kidney maintains blood pressure, blood pH, blood volume, blood composition, and
red blood cell concentration.
6.
Name the functional unit of the kidney.
THE NEPHRON
7.
Distinguish between a renal corpuscle and renal tubule, and identify each component on
a microscopic section of the kidney in the diagram below.
THE RENAL CORPUSCLE IS COMPOSED OF A GLOMERULUS SURROUNDED BY
BOWMAN’S CAPSULE. THE RENAL TUBULE IS COMPOSED OF A PROXIMAL
CONVOLUTED TUBULE, DESCENDING LOOP OF HENLE, ASCENDING LOOP OF HENLE,
DISTAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE (AND COLLECTING DUCT).
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8. Trace a drop of blood from the heart through a nephron and back to the heart.
Fill in the flowchart below. B. Label the vessels in the diagrams below.
A.
1. AORTA
2. RENAL ARTERY
3. INTERLOBAR ARTERY
4. ARCUATE ARTERY
5. INTERLOBULAR ARTERY
6. AFFERENT ARTERIOLE
7. GLOMERULAR CAPILLARIES
8. EFFERENT ARTERIOLE
9. PERITUBULAR CAPILLARIES
10. INTERLOBULAR VEIN
11. ARCUATE VEIN
12. INTERLOBAR VEIN
13. RENAL VEIN
14. INFERIOR VENA CAVA
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9.
Explain what is meant by, the components of, and the significance of the juxtaglomerular
apparatus (JGA). The JGA is composed of the
JUXTAGLOMERULAR cells of the AFFERENT ARTERIOLE and the MACULA DENSA cells of
the DISTAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE.
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10.
Fully discuss urine formation. First name the three major processes involved in urine
formation, and then explain each in detail (i.e. definition, location, forces involved, and
what’s going where). Finally name the normal constituents of urine and track the
urine out of the body (What is the scientific name for this?).
The three steps of urine formation are
A. GLOMERULAR FILTRATION,
B. TUBULAR REABSORPTION, and
C. TUBULAR SECRETION.
10A occurs in the GLOMERULUS, 10B occurs through the
PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE,
and 10C occurs through the DISTAL CONVOLUTED
tubule.
10A is defined as substances being filtered from blood plasmain the GLOMERULUS into
filtrate in BOWMAN’S CAPSULE.
10B is defined as substances being transported from the filtrate in the
PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE, into the blood plasma in the PERITUBULAR
CAPILLARIES.
10C is defined as “wastes and excesses” being transported from the blood plasma in the
PERITUBULAR CAPILLARIES to the “urine” in the DISTAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE.
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Add diagram (and table) from lecture to assist with understanding of Urine Formation.
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11.
Explain why proteins are not filtered out of the blood in the glomerulus.
THEY ARE TOO LARGE TO FIT THROUGH THE FENESTRATIONS IN THE GLOMERULAR
CAPILLARIES.
12.
Name the force responsible for glomerular filtration and place the appropriate numerical
values in the glomerulus and Bowman’s Capsule below.
GLOMERULAR HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE (60mmHg vs. 18mmHg)
13.
Discuss the negative feedback mechanisms involved in regulation of glomerular
filtration rate (GFR).
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14.
Explain the process by which most reabsorption occurs in the PCT, and list the
substances that are reabsorbed here.
Most substances are reabsorbed by active transport. Glucose is transported by
facilitated diffusion, water by osmosis, and all others including urea, uric acid, amino
acids, electrolytes, drugs, etc. are transported by AT.
15.
Explain the significance of anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) and which portion of the
nephron it targets.
Anti-diuretic hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary gland (in response to
Angiotensin II), targets the DCT to reabsorb water back into the blood. It helps
regulate (increases) blood volume and blood pressure.
16.
List the wastes excreted in urine, and explain what metabolic processes these
by-products result from.
Urea is a by-product of amino acid metabolism and uric acid is a by-product of
nucleotide metabolism.
17.
Explain the structure and function of the ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.
STRUCTURE
FUNCTION
Long, thin, smooth muscle Peristalsis
URETER
tubes extending from
kidneys to bladder; lined
by transitional ET;
retroperitoneal
Smooth muscle organ,
Stores urine
URINARY BLADDER
lined by transitional ET, lies
in pelvic cavity behind the
symphysis pubis
Passageway from bladder
Micturation
URETHRA
to outside
18.
Define the term micturition.
Elimination of urine; urination
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19.
Discuss the differences between male and female urethras.
Female urethras
are only a few cm in length, while male urethras are much longer as they are held
within the penis.
20.
Trace a drop of urine from its initial collection point as the "glomerular filtrate".
Glomerular Filtrate in Bowman’s
Capsule
Proximal convoluted tubule
Descending Loop of Henle
Ascending Loop of Henle
Distal convoluted tubule
Collecting Duct
Minor calyx
Major calyx
Renal Pelvis
Ureter
Urinary Bladder
Urethra
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