Download I. Themes of Geography

I.
Themes of Geography
A. Location – asks, “Where is it at?”
1. Absolute – exactly where you are at a point on earth’s surface
(longitude and latitude)
2. Relative – where something is in relation to other things
B. Place – like location with human and physical characteristics
C. Human-Environment Interaction – the relationship between humans and
their environment
D. Movement
1. Pull factors – something that pulls you to another area (college
campus, better housing, etc)
2. Push factors – things that push you away from somewhere (lack
of good jobs)
E. Religion – mix of regional, political, etc. characteristics
II.
Themes of History
A. Cooperation/Conflict – cause and effect (people either work things out or
fight)
B. Revolution/Reaction – a revolution, or a change, causes people to respond,
adapt, or react. Everything has a reaction
C. Change – happens over time, can’t change it; continues
D. Diversity/Uniformity – differences that make us who we are (diversity)
but all one nation
E. Regionalism/Nationalism – pride in where you are from; deep pride in
your nation
F. Innovation – anything dealing with technology (cultural innovation –
democracy, not dictatorships) (improves quality of life)
G. Cultural Diffusion – when one culture blends with another culture (music,
food, politics, religion, etc.)
H. Movement
1. Pull factors (see above)
2. Push factors (see above)
I. Relation to Environment (see above)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------I.
The Nile River Valley – 5000 BC – Egypt
A. The Old Kingdom
1. 2700 – 2200 BC (Egypt is ruled by Narmer)
2. Kingship – a king (begins to rule Egypt)
B. The Middle Kingdom (pyramids, statues, etc.)
1. 2050 – 1800 BC (High point of Egypt)
2. Pharaoh – “great house of the king”
C. Decline and Recovery
1. Aton (sun god) and Akhenton (only god in Egypt)
2. Ramses II – Ramses the Great, pharaoh for 67 years
D. Daily Life in Egypt
1. Population – 5 million people
2. Class System – three major classes are prevalent
E. Egyptian Religion
1. Polytheism – believe in more than one god
i.
Amon-Ra (sun god)
ii.
Osiris (god of the afterlife)
2. Afterlife
i.
Mummifications
ii.
Pyramids (built as temples for Pharaohs)
F. Writing
1. Hieroglyphics – pictures/symbols that sound for object, idea, etc.
2. Scribes – writers of hieroglyphics
G. Achievements in Science
1. (1-5) Numbers system
2. Calculate area
3. 365 day calendar
4. Studied astronomy
5. Advance in medicine
6. Embalming
7. Treating wounds/diseases
II. Mesopotamia – “The Fertile Crescent” – “Cradle of
Civilization”
A. Sumarian City States (3000 BC) (12 city states)
1. Tigris-Euphrates Rivers
2. Polytheistic
3. Trade (with one another from city state
to city state) (Barter means trade
without money…one good for another)
4. Writing (Gilgamesh – oldest story)
- Cuneiform (wedged-shaped
writing)
5. Technology (anything that makes life
easier)
- Wagon wheel
- Arch
- Potter’s wheel
- Sundial
- 12 month calendar (based
on moon)
B. Babylon (2000 BC) (Capital of united city states by
Sargon)
1. Hammurabi’s Code (king of Babylon)
(written law code) (first time in history
laws were written with crime and
punishment ex. Eye for an eye)
C. Israelites
1. Monotheism (believe in only one God)
(they were the first)
2. Prophets (believe God speaks to you
through prophets)
3. Judaism (name of religion) (Jewish)
(covenant)
4. Egypt and Exodus (1012 BC) (enslaved
by Pharaoh) (exodus means exit)
5. Israel and Jerusalem (leave Egypt to go
to Israel) (Jerusalem is the capital)
6. Divided People
1. Israel – north
2. Judea – south
D. The Persians
1. King Cyrus II (Persia united by Cyrus II;
Cyrus II doesn’t change beliefs)
2. King Darius I (522 – 486 BC)
- “Kingship” (Darius I taught
people how to “act” around
the king; he set the
standards)
3. Zoroaster and the after life (famous
prophet from Mesopotamia; prophecies
life is a struggle between good and evil;
he taught the choice you make now
affected eternal light or eternal darkness)
III. Indus River Valley
A.Mountain Chains
1. Hindu Kush
2. Himalayas
B. Major Cities (2500 BC)
1.Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro (pretty
advanced for the time period; cotton
clothes, metal pottery, advanced
jewelry making)
C. Class Systems (1-4 and pariah)
Class system=”varna”; job=”dharma”
1.Varnas:
a. Priest
b.Warriors
c. Merchants and Artisans
d.Unskilled Laborers (manual
labor)
2.Pariah
a. “Untouchable”
b.Animal skinner, handicap, etc.
D. Epics (long poem or story about a
god or legendary hero)
E. Hinduism (started 3000 years ago)
1.What they believe – all life is
sacred, all living things have a
soul, soul is part of a sacred spirit,
promote non-violence, self-denial,
fasting, and yoga, which relaxes
mind and body
2.Reincarnation (there is a rebirth of
the soul and you go through
several lifetimes to get it right)
3.Karma (around someone who is in
a good mood you get happy and
the other way around; how you
behave or live)
F. Buddhism (566 BC)
1.Where did it come from? – Prince
spent life in palace and got comforts
and knew no other way of life. In
his mid-20’s, he escaped from the
palace and realized that people in
the community are suffering. He
goes to the wilderness for seven
years; his understanding was called
an enlightenment)
2.Enlightenment (understanding)
3.Budda – “Enlightened One” this is
the prince’s new name after
understanding
4.Four noble truths
a. All people suffer
b.Suffering is caused by desire
c. To stop suffering, stop
desiring
d.To stop desire, follow the
eight fold path
5.The Eight Fold Path
a. Know the truth for your life
b.Resist evil
c. Say nothing to hurt others
d.Respect life
e. Work for the good of others
f. Free your mind of evil
g.Control your thoughts
h.Practice meditation
(If you follow Budda and do
what he says, you reach Nirvana and
break the cycle of suffering)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------IV. China (Huang-He River)
A. Strong National Identity
1.Center of the world
2.Oldest civilization still today (5000
BC)
B. Shang Dynasty (1700 – 1100 BC)
1.Mandate from Heaven (right given
to you from birth by heavens to
rule this country)
2.Achievements
a. First to invent
b.Bronze weapons
c. Chariots
d.Silk
e. Ivory
f. Jade, etc.
C. Zhou Dynasty
1.Achievements
a. Iron plow
b.Irrigation systems
c. Roads
d.Trade routes
e. Cross bow
V. Chinese Philosophies – ideas on how to
act, etc.)
A. Confucianism (551 BC) (“our lives
revolve around ethical behavior”,
respect, reverence for the past and
traditions)
B. Daoism – “one with nature”
1.Yin (cool, dark, female)
2.Yang (warm, light, male)
3.Yin and Yang show the struggle of
nature; they are opposing
I. Ancient Greece
A. General Facts
- Mediterranean Sea
- Theatre
- Olympic games
- Architecture
- Forms of government
B. Epic Poetry
1. Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey
C. Religion (Polytheistic)
II. Polis (city state)
A. Citizen – anyone who participates in government
B. Colonies and Trade
C. Democracy (everyone has opinion; people rule)
1. Other forms of government
a. Tyrant or Tyranny (one person rules
tightly; they act mean)
b. Oligarchy (select few rule everything)
D. Sparta (most powerful military; little care for
education)
E. Athens (opposite of Sparta, focus on education)
1. Constitution (plan of government – laws,
rights, etc.)
III. Wars, Glory, and Decline
A. Persian War (546 BC)
- Ionia, the city-state, is conquered by Persia, and
then they rebelled with the help of mainland
Greece. The Persian War was fought between
Persia and Greece; Sparta leads Greece to victory.)
B. Peloponnesian War
- Between Athens and Sparta
- They are fighting to see who is the most powerful
- 434 – 404 BC
- 1/3 of Athens’ population dies from plague
- Sparta wins the war
C. Decline
- Sparta is in control and they don’t focus on
education, philosophy, etc.
IV. Greek Civilizations
A. Facts
1. Known for painting
2. Sculptures
3. Theatre
4. Architecture, etc.
5. Classical style
a. Architecture and painting
b. Simple
c. Beautiful
B. Visual Arts
1. Athens (most beautiful city of the ancient
world)
2. Parthenon (most famous building built for
Goddess Athena)
3. Painting and Sculpture (resembled human
form, usually male body)
C. Greek Drama (built amphitheatres)
1. Tragedies (sad, negative, person’s struggle
with fate, unhappy ending)
2. Comedies (humorous tone/theme, happy
ending)
3. Only men acted in the plays
D. Olympic Games
1. Held every four years
2. Held in honor of the god Zeus
3. Women cannot participate or watch games
4. Winners treated as heroes
5. Greatest honor is to win the Olympics
E. Greek Philosophers
1. Overview – (believed there is a reason to
explain all things in life, lay foundations for
history, science, medicine, and politics)
2. Sacrates – (father of philosophy, first major
one; Socratic method – taking a theory and
coming to the exact truth – support theory)
3. Plato – (student of Sacrates; focused on finding
the truth)
4. Aristotle – (focused on science, you make
observations and study and draw
generalizations)
F. Greek Historians
1. First to record history as it happened and had no
legends except gods and goddesses
G. Scientists
1. Natural Laws – what goes up must come
down, etc. They said the world is based on
natural laws
2. Hippocrates – father of medicine, believed in
eating healthy and exercising
3. Hippocratic Oath – you sign this code when
you are a nurse, doctor, etc.; take to be ethical;
ex. Wreck on the side of the road, legally you
must stop if you have signed this oath
IV. Alexander’s Empire – greatest conqueror of ancient
world
A. King Philip II – king of city-state Macedonia;
conquers Greece and unites them; Goals: uniting
Greece, creating large standing army, and conquer
Persia (he didn’t fulfill his last goal)
B. Alexander the Great – son of King Philip II;
becomes king at age 20; respected by military; leads
into every single battle; very well educated;
conquers Persia; conquers Egypt and makes city of
Alexandria; conquers Mesopotamia; conquers Indus
River Valley = all by the time he was 33
C. Alexander’s Goals
1. Conquer Persia
2. Unite Europe and Asia from Greece to Indus
River Valley
3. Blend Cultures
- Makes soldiers marry Persian women to blend
cultures; created largest empire
D. Divided Domain – contracts malaria and dies at 33;
nobody keeps them united; make empire three parts
and give greatest soldiers a section
E. Hellenistic Culture – time period; mixture of middle
(Persian) eastern culture and Greek culture; new
dressing, new art farms, women have more freedom
began reading, writing, and taking jobs
F. Hellenistic Thinkers and Artists – paintings and
sculptures focus on human beings caught in
powerful emotion; scientists guessed earth’s
circumference within 1%
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Rome and Early Christianity
I. The Roman Republic
A. Facts
1. Romans will influence our world today
2. Found in Italy; located on the Italian Peninsula
3. Latin language; Latin people
4. Rome is central city
5. Republic is a government where you elect
leaders to represent you
B. 1. Plebeians
a. Non-Aristocrats, merchants, artisans,
architect, skilled, wealthy people, can be
in the military, cannot hold public
office
2. Patricians
a. Wealthy, privileged, can vote, be in
military, can hold public office,
aristocrats (ruling family)
- Plebeians go on strike because they want a
“say-so” in government
- Tribunes are Plebeian representatives for
government
- For the first time, Roman laws and history were
written down
C. Daily Life
1. Borrowed a lot from Ancient Greece
2. Polytheistic
3. Borrowed gods from Greece
4. Family is the center of society
5. Father leads/rules the family; if dad dies, the
oldest son takes over
6. Strong values
7. Promoted being truthful
8. Taught self discipline
9. Pride to be in Roman Republic
II. From Republic to Empire (500 – 300 BC)
A.Roman Expansionism – Romans expanded out,
very large army, divided in sections called
legions, one legion was 5000 (3000 – 6000)
soldiers, built many roads
1. Punic Wars – war between Rome and
Carthage, fight for control of the
Mediterranean Sea and the land around it
B. Republic in Crisis – caused by expansionism
(causing huge number of poor people and few
wealthy people) ones that make laws
C. Reformers and Generals – generals try to
change and improve
1. Assassination of Reformers – political
murder
2. Julius Caesar – General rose to power in
50 BC, names himself “Dictator for
Life”, poor people like him because he
gave money, land, etc., assassinated on
March 15th, 44 BC, “Ides of March”
III. Roman Empire (Rome is no longer Republic)
A. 32 BC Octavian (nephew of Caesar) becomes ruler
of empire, changes name to Augustus Caesar and he
is the first ruler of the Roman Empire; Pax Romana
during this time
B. Emperors
1. Augustus and Pax Romana (peace)
2. Worst – Nero
3. Best – Marcus Aurelius (great leader)
C. Law and Order – large army
D. Trade, Engineering, and Science – aqueducts,
concrete
E. Daily Life
1. 130 holidays per year of free entertainment
2. Coliseums were built
3. Chariot races were very harsh
4. Gladiators – men fight men or wild animals
F. Language and Literature – Latin language is
foundation for English, Spanish, Italian, and French
IV. The Rise of Christianity
A. Facts
1. Freedom of Religion – in Roman empire, early
on they didn’t care, mainly Polytheistic
2. Judaism – Jewish worship one god and don’t
fully serve the emperor; becomes predominant
3. Judea – 6 AD, becomes province of Roman
Empire
4. Messiah – still discussing Judea, Messiah is
messenger from God, Jewish are waiting for
one to deliver them from Rome
5. Judea to Palestine – Judea begins to rise up
against empire; Rome takes land of Judea and
renames it Palestine; fight between Jews and
Palestinians in today’s time started in 6 AD
B. Jews
1. Christianity – small group (sect) of Jewish
people start Christianity because they believe
they found the Messiah
2. Jesus – Messiah, Jesus is Jew
3. Disciples – followers of Christ, spread God’s
word through messages/word of mouth
4. Arrest/Crucifixion – Christ is arrested for
being a “political rebel”, treated terribly, and
crucified
C. Spread of Christianity – word of mouth, disciples
spread messages, churches/missions began to form
over long periods of time
D. Persecution – (30 – 300 AD) Rome will persecute
Christians
1. Treason – many people put to death, Christians
charged with treason
2. Constantine (312 AD) – Roman general going
into battle, he has a vision of burning cross, he
wins the battle, said vision helped him, when
he becomes emperor of Rome he allows
religious freedom for all people
3. Theodosius (392 AD) – he makes Christianity
the official religion of Rome
E. The Early Church (100 – 500 AD)
1. Priests, Bishops, Pope – every town would
have a priest, bishops are regional, bishops
only work with priest, priests work with
people; 400 AD a bishop gave himself the
name “Pope”, meaning papa (father); the pope
is national
2. Eastern Christian – Eastern Orthodox
V. Roman Decline – falls in on itself
1. Weakened Army – becomes less and less powerful,
people are less and less loyal to the military
2. Weakened Economy – expansionism, gap between
rich and poor
3. Religion – Christianity takes hold, emperor is not as
important
*****Breakdown of Religions*****
Judaism (Israel, Judea, “Jews”, Messiah)
Some Stay Jews
Christianity (sect broke away, Jesus is Messiah)
Roman Catholic
Orthodox
(Priest, Bishop, Pope)
Eastern
Protestant
Catholic
(Baptist, Methodist, etc.)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------I. Byzantine Foundation – 395 AD – Capital: Constantinople
A. Cultural Blend
1. Greek and Roman traditions (Roman government, speak Greek,
buildings)
2. Eastern Orthodox (Religion)
3. Very diverse group of people; lot of different ethnic groups (culture)
ex. Egyptians, Turks, Slavic, etc.
B. Justinian’s Rule (527 – 565 AD)
1. Corpus of Civil Law (“Justinian’s Law”) written recording of Roman
law
2. Lots of roads/road systems; Byzantine Civilization is where the east
and west meet and connect the east and west through roads (fortresses,
classical architecture)
C. Church and State – church controls the society, church was center of society;
Eastern Orthodox does not believe the Pope should be the head of the Church
*****Christianity*****
East = Eastern Orthodox
West = Roman Catholic
(Italy, Britain, Western Europe, etc.)
II. Byzantine Civilization
A. Life
1. Theology – religious teachings, everything based on religion
2. Levels of Society
3. Agriculture, Trade, and Commerce are ways of making their money.
No currency; use bartering, valuable things, etc.; no set money system
B. Art – Icon (religious portrait) and Mosaics (pictures made from small broken
pieces)
C. Spread of Christianity – monasteries – monks; convents – nuns; want to draw
people in; take care of sick, hurt; school people. These people dedicate their
entire lives to the church.
D. Decline and Fall – most believed it was invasion and/or constant fighting
between ethnic groups
III. Slavs – Modern day Russia
A. Kievian Rus (800 AD) – Trading route around river.
1. Dnieper River – invaded by Vikings who take control
2. Principalities – towns with Prince set up by Vikings
3. Prince Vladimer – change religion in his town to Eastern Orthodox
(polytheistic to monotheistic)
B. Rise of Moscow
1. Mongols (1240 AD) – set up Moscow and make it main trading city
along route. Russian beginnings start here.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------I. Islamic Civilization
A. Revelation – find a common thread among them
1. Islam (570 AD) – “Submission to the will of Allah”
2. Allah – “god”, same God as ours only they use the name Allah
3. Mecca – also spelled Mekkah; city where Islam begins
B. Muhammad – has vision, he is to be the prophet or apostle of God (Allah)
C. Quran (Koran) – holy scripture of Islam; like the bible to Christianity
D. Five Pillars of Faith
1. Faith
2. Prayer – 5 times a day; facing East
3. Alms – charity, giving
4. Fasting – Ramadan; during 9th month of Islamic calendar
5. Pilgrimage – Mecca; Journey one time to Mecca
E. Hajj – pilgrimage to Mecca
III. Spread of Islam
A. Caliph – person who leads after Muhammad dies
B. Conquest – how Islam spread through the world (by conquest)
C. Muslim Divisions
1. Shiites – minority; believe the caliph should be a direct descendant of
Muhammad; mostly found in Iran and Iraq
2. Sunni – majority; believe the caliph should be any devout Muslim or
great leader
D. Islamic Life
1. Family – center of society; man rules house
2. Cities and Trade – mosques (churches in the cities) and bazaars (where
they go to trade)
3. Rural Areas – farming
IV. Islamic Science and Art
A. Mathematics – Algebra and Trigonometry
B. Astronomy and Geography – document positions of stars which helps with
travel; detailed map of eastern hemisphere
C. Chemistry and Medicine
1. Classification – animal, mineral, vegetable
2. Medical Encyclopedia – records illnesses and ways to cure/treat them
D. Art and Literature
1. Calligraphy – decorative writing
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Early Medieval Europe
I. The Frankish Empire – begins Middle/Dark Ages
A. Merovingian Rulers – first kings in Frankish empire
B. Charlemagne’s Realm – unites Western Europe, unites under Catholic church
making Catholicism the official religion; adopted Catholicism; “Charles the
Great”, 1st Frankish King
C. A Christian (Catholic) Empire
1. United (under Catholic church by Charlemagne)
2. Separation – when Charles the Great dies, it is divided to 3 grandsons
a. England – Charles the Bald
b. France – Louis the German
c. Italy – Lothair
II. Feudalism – political system designed to protect people
A. Feudal Relationships
1. Who gets what from whom?
King
Nobles
Knights
Peasants/Serfs
a. King gives land to nobles, so nobles are loyal to the king
b. Nobles hire knights, knights are loyal to nobles (and king)
c. Peasants work land, providing money to hire knights, so the
peasants are loyal and get protected
d. Knights protect everyone
2. Chivalry – code of behavior for knights; ex. Be brave in battles, fight
fairly, keep you promises, defend Christianity, treat women of noble
birth with a courteous manner; this is the “foundation” for males.
B. Life of Nobility (Nobles)
1. Lords – fief is the land he owns; he has total authority in his fief and
he settles disputes there
2. Ladies – married by 12, marriage not for love but for alliances (allying
families), many marry older men; father, or closest male relative,
decides who you marry; women have no say in marriage; the one goal
is to have sons (male children)
C. Life of Peasants (Serfs) – work entire life in one fief, die young; in exchange
for work, they get protected
III. The Church
A. Facts
1. All people are sinners
2. Sacraments get rid of sin (ex. Communion)
3. Church governs your daily life (ex. Go to mass)
B. Leaders
1. Pope (all powerful, controls spiritual authority over all Christians,
appoints political figures)
2. Friars (go out and try to convert people to Christianity;
monks/missionaries go to England, Ireland, etc.)
C. Church’s Power (control politics; church becomes more wealthy as it becomes
more powerful)
D. Church Reform (Heresy is treason against the church; ex. Atheist and
speaking out against the church)
E. Inquisition
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Asian Empires
I. Mongols
A. Genghis Khan – ruler of Mongols
1. Temujin – becomes leader of Mongols in 1200 AD, organizes army
establishes government
2. Khan – means “absolute ruler”; there are many Khans
3. Genghis Khan – means “universal ruler”; there is on one Genghis
Khan
B. Mongol Conquest – Turks, China, Russia, all of Middle East; they took over
and conquered these countries
C. Mongol Empire
1. Largest land empire in the history of the world
2. Blended cultures – cultural diffusion, inner-marriage (marry Mongols
to people they conquer); allow them to keep religion and government
II. Yuan Dynasty (China) – set up under Mongols
A. Kublai Khan – leader of Dynasty; grandson of Genghis Khan; he is an
absolute ruler; no say in government for China
1. Marco Polo – explorer who came into China
B. Government and Society
1. Absolute Power – ruler
2. Public works
a. Schools
b. Temples for worship
c. Food banks
d. Roads
e. Canals (irrigation systems for transporting water)
3. Buddhism – official religion of Dynasty but if you a daoist,
confusionist, etc, they are pretty lenient; tolerant toward Christianity
and Islam
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------The Americas
I. North America
A. Migrate through Bering Strait
B. Early people are hunters and gatherers
C. Constantly traveling (nomadic groups)
II. Middle and South America
A. Aztecs (Mexico)
1. Lived in Cancun and Yucatan Peninsula before 500 AD
2. Over 200,000 people living in that area in 500 AD
3. Polytheistic – gods usually revolve around nature and if they (gods)
weren’t happy, hurricanes would come
4. They used human sacrifices to keep the gods happy
B. Incas (South America – modern day Chili and Argentina)
1. Communicate by running runners set up every 5 to 10 miles; they send
messages through them; had to run through mountainous areas; poor
communication
C. Spanish Invaders – die out because of invaders; 90% die out within 2-3
generations
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------A New Europe – High Middle Ages
I. Crusades (Series of Holy Wars fought for Jerusalem – “Take up the Cross”; 9
crusades into Jerusalem)
A. The First Crusades (1095 AD)
1. In 600 AD, Muslims took control of Jerusalem
2. Pope Urban II – encouraged all good Christians to take up the cross,
go to the Holy Land, and reclaim Jerusalem; referred to Muslims as
infidels
3. Long-Standing Hatred – destroy homes, knights go into Jerusalem and
take valuable things
4. Taking Back Jerusalem (1099) – Christians win!
B. The Second Crusade (1147 – 1149 AD) – Muslims regain area around
Jerusalem
1. Pope wants to regain territory around Jerusalem
2. They failed; can’t get territory back
C. The Third Crusade (1187 – 1192 AD)
1. Muslims regain Jerusalem
2. “Crusade of Kings”; for the first time kings join, and lead, crusades
a. France – Phillip Augustus
b. England – Richard the Lionheart
3. Could not defend Muslims, even with the Vikings leading them
4. Truce – Richard declares we must compromise, Christians will never
again control Jerusalem and Muslims control Jerusalem but allow
Christians to safely travel there
D. Effects of the Crusades
1. Christians never fully gain control of Jerusalem
2. Breaks down feudalism
3. Increases the power of king by raising large armies and heavily taxing
people
4. Many nobles die and land goes back to the king
5. Increase in technology (magnetic compass, better weapons, etc.)
6. For the first time, Muslims are united against a common enemy,
Christians
II. European Revival (transition of Dark Ages to Civilized Society)
A. Agricultural Advances
1. Increase in new farming practices
2. Better farming methods (ex. Heavier plow leads to better crops)
B. Growth of Towns (develop along roadways)
1. Roadways
2. “The Black Death” from 1348 – 1350 (epidemic; also called the
Bubonic Plague; kills out 1/3 of Europe’s population)
C. The Middle Class – for the first time in history, a middle class emerges; they
don’t work the land but they aren’t farmers; they are somewhere in the middle
1. Burgs – means “town”
2. Bourgeoisie – French word for “middle class”
3. Bankers, merchants, artisans, architects (people who do a trade and
make money for it)
4. Conflict with nobles – they want to tax the middle class
D. Trade and Money – up until now they bartered
1. Money Economy – they created currency as a way to exchange goods;
they used the Euro
E. Guilds – group of similar professionals who gather together and set wages and
prices
1. Master and Apprentice Relationships – the master is very experienced
and knows the trade very well; an apprentice is a person who studies
under the master and learns the trade
F. Universities – study old Greece and Rome, Latin, government, etc.
G. Medieval Literature
1. Vanacular – “everyday language you speak”; they wrote in this so it
could be read
2. “The Canterbury Tales” by Geoffrey Chaucer – series about diverse
pilgrims on a journey to Canterbury, England
H. Medieval Art
1. Gothic (1150) – dark, heavy, castles, pointed buildings, iron, gargoyles
III. Strengthening the Monarchy
A. Hundred Years War (1337 – 1453) – series of wars between England and
France over land
1. Facts – in the beginning, England is doing good but the French hang in
there; the French get beat down in the end
2. Joan of Arc (1429) – cuts her hair and dresses as a boy to join the
French army; she eventually leads troops; soldiers become stronger,
but Joan of Arc was captured by England and tried for Heresy; she
claimed to hear voices from God; she was condemned, tied to a stake,
and burned alive
3. French won!!
4. Impacts – a strong sense of national identity develops
B. France – Monarchs of France have absolute power
C. England – they have the civil war
1. 30 Years War (War of the Roses) – fighting for who should be king
and the next in line for the throne. The families fighting were:
a. House of Lancaster (Family symbol – Red Rose)
b. House of York (Family symbol – White Rose)
**The House of York won and took control of the English
throne; this starts the Tudor Dynasty, which lasts over 100 years
2. Tudor Kings – Henry VII is the first Tudor Monarch; he has absolute
power
D. Spain
1. Spanish Inquisition – church court to “get rid of enemies”; they try you
for heresy and torture you
E. Russia
1. Ivan III or Ivan the Great – he is Slavic and leads Slavic people against
Mongols; gives land back to Slavic people and kicks Mongols out
2. Czar – means Caesar/King/Emperor in Slavic; Ivan the Great is the
first czar in Russia
3. Kremlin – governmental fortress; king’s castle in Moscow; the
Kremlin is Russian government
IV. A Troubled Church
A. Division – church becomes divided due to corruption, internal disputes, and a
growing middle class
B. Reform – means “bringing back/changing for the better”; people call for
reform in the church because of corruption and internal disputes
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------The Italian Renaissance (begins in Italy; Renaissance is a cultural awakening or
rebirth of culture)
I. Humanism
- Focuses on the human needs, emotions, dreams, etc
- Secular or worldly things, not religious; things like money, art, homes, etc
- Individualism focuses on individual identity
- Individualism asks, “Who am I?”
A. Education and Literature
1. Facts
a. Open schools
b. Studied humanities
c. Studied government
d. Studied philosophy and psychology
e. Studied history
f. Studied Sacrates and Plato
2. Vernacular – every language you speak
B. City Life
1. Middle Class – social groups; control things in the city states; what
have you made for yourself
2. Government/City States – each city state has it’s own government;
each city is its own little state/government/community
3. Florence, Rome, Venice – 3 most famous city states in Italy
4. Florence – birthplace of Renaissance in Italy
II. Renaissance Art
A. Architecture
1. Classical/Greco-Roman – came from Greece and Rome; simple and
beautiful
B. Sculpture
1. Classical
2. Free-Standing
3. Bronze or Marble
4. Ex. Michelangelo’s David
C. Painting
1. Leonardo de Vinci
a. Mona Lisa
b. The Last Supper
2. Michelangelo
a. Vatican’s Sistine Chapel Ceiling
III. Spreading Ideas
A. France invades in Italy in 1494 – the French like renaissance ideas and
see/like/impressed by it and wanted to bring it to France
B. European Kings and Queens – incorporate/adopt humanistic ideas
C. Wealthy Merchants in France – the ones buying art, spending money, building
homes
D. The Printing Press – makes books more easily accessible; spread knowledge;
Johannes Gutenberg 1495 increases education
IV. Northern European Renaissance – England, modern day Germany, etc.
A. Christian Humanism – humanism with a Christian theme; “Who am I in
relation to God? What is my relation with God?”
B. The English Renaissance in England
1. Henry VII – brought renaissance to England
2. William Shakespeare – brings out universal human qualities;
playwright; wrote about joy, despair, anger, love, etc.
C. Renaissance Man
1. Origins – knows little bit/has interest in everything, more knowledge
in one area (ex. Leonardo de Vinci studied science, engineering, art,
painting, architecture, etc.)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Monotheism Over Time
Judaism
Christianity
(a sect begins following Christ, who they believe is Messiah)
Roman Catholic (West)
Eastern Orthodox (East)
(Christianity splits because they disagree on how the church should be run)
Catholic
Protestant (reformation)
(People begin to call for reform in the Catholic Church. This causes a split and begins
Protestantism.)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------The Protestant Reformation (1450 – 1565)
- Controversy over sales of indulgences will “spark” a reformation.
- Germany in 1517 – Luther posts 95 theses on door of castle church in Wittenberg on
October 31st, 1517.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------The Protestant Reformation
Change in the way the church teaches and practices Christianity; split in Catholic
Church
I. Martin Luther – 1483 – German monk who reads/interprets Bible for himself
A. Justification by Faith – his interpretation; what he “gets out of” the Bible
II. Luther’s Protest
A. Indulgences – “Get out of sin free card”; you give the church money and get a
certificate for the next sin you commit
B. 95 Theses – list of concerns/grievances he had for/about the church. He
nailed the list to the door of the church. (Wants to keep baptism and Holy
Communion)
C. Excommunication – “kick you out of the church” (“Edict of Worms” means
city of worms; decision made there)
D. Copies Spread – copies of 95 theses were spread all over Europe (before
church could stop it); all thanks to the Printing Press
III. Lutheranism
A. First Protestant Faith – based on salvation by faith alone
B. Bible – only source of truth (doesn’t matter what priests say; read for
yourself)
C. Participation – must be active in church (ex. Sunday school teacher, take up
offering)
IV. Swiss Reformation
A. Theocracy – church ran state (government)
B. Fighting – MAJOR fighting between Catholics and Protestants (blood is being
shed; Peace of Augsbury is a treaty to stop fighting and recognizes the split in
the church)
C. John Calvin – leads reform group in Geneva, Switzerland
D. Calvanism – John Calvin’s ideas “God possesses all power and knowledge”;
he told people this
E. Predestination – “God determines your faith”
F. Dominate Social Force in Western Europe – idea of Calvanism and
predestination becomes dominate social force in Western Europe
V. Radical Reforms (Radicals are obsessed with reformation)
A. Anabaptist – believe in adult baptism, separation of church and state,
contemporary Mennonites, Amish, and early Baptist church, strict moral
codes for how women should behave
B. Zealots – “fanatical”, (a modern day example are people who go into abortion
clinics and kill everyone in the name of religion)
VI. England’s Church
A. Henry VIII versus The Pope – fighting over reformation, Henry wants divorce
and must have the Pope’s permission
B. Henry and Catherine of Aragon and Anne Boleyn – He wants to marry Anne
Boleyn and wants to divorce Catherine of Aragon
C. Acts of Supremacy – makes Henry the head of the church of England; title is
“Archbishop of Canterbury”
D. Henry’s (Protestant) wives and children
1. Six wives
a. Catherine (Daughter: Mary – Catholic)
b. Anne (Daughter: Elizabeth I – Protestant)
c. 4 more wives and eventually a son from his third wife;
named him Edward VI; he was Protestant
E. Edward the VI becomes king when Henry dies
F. Queen Mary is Bloody Mary – she kills over 300 Protestants
G. Queen Elizabeth I – “The Virgin Queen”; one of the most beloved queens
1. Anglicanism – protestant church with Catholic traditions
2. Puritans – disagree with putting Catholic traditions; they want to
purify the church of Catholic traditions
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I. Age of Exploration – looking for Westward
passage from Asia
A. Technology
1. Use shoreline as a guide
2. Used the sun and the stars to guide them
3. Hourglass
4. Compass
5. Cartographer (map-maker)
6. Ship building improves (stronger, lighter,
better)
7. Weapons (cannons and rifles)
B. Portugal (1420 – 1580)
1. First country to venture out into Atlantic
Ocean
2. Prince Henry the Navigator finances
exploration
3. Bartholomew Dias – discovers the tip of
Africa “Cape of Good Hope”
4. Vasco de Gama – follows Dias’ route and
sails around tip of Africa into India
C. Spain’s quest for riches
1. 1492 – Christopher Columbus
a. Sails from Spain looking for
westward passage with three
ships
b. His ship mates threaten mutiny
(kick captain overboard/make
him slave)
c. Columbus lands in the Bahamas
d. Makes three more trips in his life
time
e. Columbus is credited with
discovering the new world
(Americas)
2. Dividing the New World – Spain and
Portugal compete for territory in the new
world
3. Demarcation – dividing line
4. Voyage of Ferdinand Magellan
a. Sails from Spain looking for
Westward passage
b. Goes through the tip of South
America called the “Strait of
Magellan” and finds passage
c. First to complete
circumnavigation
d. Dies at the end of the trip
II. Spain and the New World
A. Conquistadors – Spanish conqueror
B. Hernan Cortez – 1519
1. Lands in Mexico on Yucatan Peninsula
(Cancun)
2. Aztec – Cortez conquers Aztecs (they
sacrifice humans; they thought Cortez and
his men were Gods)
C. Francisco Pizarro – 1532
1. Lands in Peru, South America
2. Incas – communicated by runner; taken
over by Pizarro
D. Spanish Empire by the 1600’s – Spain
controls the southern half of North America,
all of Middle and South America, and the
Caribbean Islands
E. Goals of Spain
1. Acquire wealth
2. Convert natives to Christianity
3. Set up sugar cane plantations
4. Gold and silver
5. Raw materials (ex. Lumber)
F. Uneven Exchange
1. Natives
a. Horses
b. Diseases
2. Explorers
a. Get wealth (all of goals listed in
point E)
III. French and English Colonies
Colonies are small settlements owned by a larger
country
A. France colonizes Canada
1. Jacques Cartier – St. Lawrence River
2. Champlain – Quebec
B. England
1. North America
a. 1607 – Jamestown, Virginia
b. 1620 – Plymouth, Massachusetts;
pilgrims set up Mayflower Compact
C. 1600’s and 1700’s – 13 Colonies
Established
1. North – family farming
2. South – plantations; cash crops, such as
cotton, tobacco, etc.
D. Native Americans – Cherokee, Sioux,
Apache, Lakota, Navajo, Crow, etc. Indians in
North America were pushed west when
colonies were built
IV. The Slave Trade (Everyone gets something)
A. Triangular Trade – system of trading
Europe
sends
finished
goods
The Americas send raw materials
Africa sends
slaves
slaves
1. The route from Africa to the Americas is
known as the Middle Passage
2. The Americas sent raw materials, such as
cotton, tobacco, sugar, molasses, etc. to
Europe
3. Europe sends finished goods, such as
guns, cloth, and rum to Africa
4. Africa sends slaves to the Americas
B. The Middle Passage – journey of slaves in
ship from Africa to Americas
1. 3000 miles
2. Carried large cargo
3. Space
a. 4 to 5 feet long
b. 2 to 3 feet high
4. Many die from heat disease
C. Slave Life
1. Slave auctions
2. Hard labor; long hours; low life
expectancy
3. Harsh treatment
V. Commercial Revolution
Countries begin to trade and compete with one
another around the world (globally)
A. New Business Methods
1. Finance exploration/trading – wealthy
families finance exploration and trade
2. Government bank charters – first banks
get charter/approval from government
a. Make loans
b. Accept deposit
c. Currency exchange
3. Joint-Stock Companies
a. Sold stock (shares)
b. Enables investors to profit from
trading
c. Many became very powerful
1. East Indian Trading
Company – have the power
to declare war, seize foreign
ships, established colony
d. Increase in money (gold/silver) –
due to new business methods;
gold and silver are flooding into
Europe (Spain, England, etc.)
e. Entrepreneurs – businessmen
take ideas, money, and labor, and
come up with a new
product/service
4. Mercantilism – country’s power depends
on it’s wealth
a. Bullion – raw gold and silver
coming straight out of the mines
b. Balance of Trade – a country must
export more than it imports
c. Colonies – used for raw materials
VI. European Daily Life
A. Merchants – merchants become more
powerful than nobles
VII. Global Economy
A. Increase in Population (Europe)
1. In 1450, Europe had 55 million
2. In 1650, Europe had 100+ million
B. World Wide Exchange – foods, goods,
ideas, technology, people, language, religion,
art, diseases
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------The Enlightenment
I. Path to Enlightenment
A. 18th Century Philosophical Movement (1700’s)
1. Reason and Natural Laws – main focuses; natural laws govern world
B. John Locke
1. Blank Slate – all people born as blank slate, without prejudice, etc.;
what you become is based on your five senses
2. Social Contract Theory – relationship between government and the
people; ex. If government doesn’t do what they are supposed to do to
protect me, I have the right and the obligation to overthrow them
3. Natural Rights (Life, Liberty, and Property) – we all have certain
natural rights given to us when we were born (relates to Declaration of
Independence in US)
II. Philosophers and Their Ideas
A. Intellectuals – people talking about ideas are intellectuals; economist, school
professor, etc.
B. Rational Criticism – “four-minded”; calmly explaining
1. Religion
2. Politics
C. Montesquieu
Three types of government:
1. Republics
2. Depotism
3. Monarchies
4. Separation of powers – one group of government doesn’t
need complete power; no one person has all the power
5. Checks and Balances – keep check on each other; nobody
gets more power
D. Voltaire
1. Deism – philosophy he built on; believe in God, but believes
God is uninvolved with daily life, believe not in miracles;
Thomas Jefferson believed in Deism
2. Religious Tolerance – wrote about by Voltaire
E. Diderot’s
1. Encyclopedia (1751) – 28 volumes, science, arts, and trade
2. Social Improvements – promoted that; helping poor/needy
III. Social Sciences
A. Economics and Political Sciences – history, psychology
B. Laissez-faire (Economy) – government has “hands-off” policy/approach to
economics
C. Adam Smith
1. Wealth of Nations – book by Adam Smith
2. Three functions of government:
- Protection from invasion
- Defending from injustice
- Maintain public works
3. No cruel and unusual punishments
D. Jean-Jacques Rousseau
1. Social contract – he came up with it
2. Education should be meant to nurture young minds, not restrict them (no
rules)
3. Women are subservient
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Royal Power and Conflict (1500 – 1600’s)
I. Spain
A. Divine Right – a king gets power from God
1. Absolutism – you have all power
B. Phillip II (1556 – 1598) – most powerful king in Spanish history; he was
Catholic
C. Spanish armada – navel ships; 130 ships with 33,000 men
1. Invade England
2. 130 ships; 33,000 men
3. English ships are better, faster, and equiped with long-range cannon
4. English defeat the armadas
5. England was most powerful at sea
D. Inflation – gold and silver were coming over; money was not worth as much
II. England
A. Early Tudors
1. Henry VII – 1485 – first Tudor king after the war of roses
2. Henry VIII – six wives – breaks Catholic, starts protestant
3. Edward VI – Henry 8th is his son – Mary becomes queen
4. Mary I – “Bloody Mary”
5. Elizabeth 1st – 1558 – “Virgin Queen”; Elizabethan era
B. Balance of Power – make allies with other countries
C. James I – 1st Stuard
III. France (Bourbon Dynasty)
A. Henry IV – absolute monarch – had absolute power/divine right; was
assassinated
B. Cardinal Richelieu – Louis XIII – becomes King very young; Cardinal
Richelieu rules for Louis XIII and gains power over time
C. Louis XIV – became King at age 5; advisors ruled until he was 25; absolute
monarch; good ruler; had a 72 year rule
D. Louis XIV Legacy – increases cultural aspect of France (art, music,
architecture, furniture)
E. Conflict – beginning between noble class versus middle and peasant classes;
merchants can’t vote, hold office, carry weapons; peasants are starving and
revolt, they cut the head off the king, queen, and nobles
IV. The German States - Prussia
A. 30 Years War (1618 – 1648) war between Protestants and Catholics; peace
treaty “Peace of Westphalia” – gives religious freedom; Protestants win!
B. Prussia – German lands
1. Great elector – Fredrick William I (ruled from 1713 – 1740)
2. Fredrick II – began ruling in 1740
C. Seven Years War (1756 – 1763)
- Fought over territory in the new world
- France loses territory
- Prussia gains territory
1. Great Britain vs. France (French and Indian War)
2. Prussia vs. Austria
3. Treaty of Paris (1763)
V. Russia
A. Rise of Russia
1. Ivan IV – Ivan the Terrible; becomes Czar at age 3; there are torture
chambers where he can watch; he thinks people are out to get hi; has his
closest advisors killed; kids his own son; czar is the Slavic word for Caesar or
Russian king
2. Time of Trouble (Power Struggle) 1598 - 1613
- Michael Romanov – 1613; 17 years old; comes to power; the
Romanov’s stay in power from 1613 to 1917
3. Peter the Great – 1689 – over 7 feet tall; changes the capital of Russia from
Moscow to St. Petersburg; wants to bring in Renaissance ideas
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------The French Revolution
I. The French Society Divided (determines legal rights and status)
A. The Three Estates – you remain in the estate you were born into until you die
1. Clergy – religious officials
2. Nobility
3. Everyone else (97% of the French population) - peasants
B. Facts
1. The first and second estates don’t pay taxes
2. They also received high positions in the church and government
3. They could carry swords and hunt for food or pleasure
4. No matter how well educated or wealthy the 3rd estate became, they were
always excluded due to their birth into that estate
C. The First Estate
1. Roman Catholic Clergy
2. 1% of the population
3. Higher clergy – bishops; noble by birth; they controlled 5% to 10% of the
land in France. They grew wealthy from the tithe, or the 10% tax on income
from church members.
4. Lower clergy – parish priests; from the 3rd estate; worked with the public,
ran schools, cared for poor; they resented the higher clergy’s grand lifestyle.
D. The Second Estate
1. Nobility
2. 2% of population
3. Owned 25% of land
4. Lived lavishly in vast estates
5. Some even lived in the French Palace of
Versailles
E. The Third Estate
1. 97% of the population
2. Peasants, artists, the Bourgeoisie (lawyers, doctors, merchants,
bankers, business managers)
3. Bourgeoisie – many lived in cities and were well educated
4. Artists – lived in slums
5. Peasants – owned 40% of the land. They were poor from paying the
other estates.
a. Tithe – 10%
b. Feudal dues/fines – paid to the nobles
c. Land tax – paid to the king
6. Although they worked really hard, they had no voice in government.
II. Growing Unrest – 1700’s (They were unhappy with the unfair social structure)
A. Call for Change
B. Peasants
1. Increases in prices/cost of living
2. Increase on use of nobles equipment (ex. Mills, wine press)
C. Artisans – increases on prices of materials, while wages stayed the same
D. Bourgeoisie – although wealthy, they wanted more political power
E. National Debt
1. Louis XIV’s wars
2. Louis XV’s extravagant court life
F. Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette (19 and 18 years old)
1. They tried to tax the nobles and clergy, but they refused.
2. Banks would not lend money.
G. Bread Shortage (1788 – 1789)
1. Crop failures
2. Final straw for many struggling the third estate.
III. Calling the Estates Together
A. The Estates General
1. They had not met since 1614.
2. Made up of representatives from all three estates
3. Each estate got one vote (not per person, but each estate got only one
vote); often the first and second estates voted together to outvote the
third estate
B. Agendas
1. King – hoped to approve new taxes on the first and second estates
2. Nobles – wanted to protect their privileges, weaken royal power, and
gain control of the government
3. Third Estate – said they had more right to represent the needs of the
entire nation; made up 97% of the French population
C. Call for Individual Votes
1. This would give the third estate the majority vote
2. Many clergy supported this
3. King refused to accept this
D. The National Assembly
1. The third estate walks out
2. They name themselves the National Assembly
3. They met at a nearby tennis court
4. The Tennis Court Oath – promise not to disband until they draft a new
constitution
E. Fear From the King
1. Louis XVI feared the third estate drawing up a constitution alone
2. So he ordered the first and second estates to join them at the National
Assembly
3. He also stationed troops around Paris
IV. A Call to Revolt
A. Debates
1. Debate rages in the assembly and in the streets
2. People sensed the change in the country
B. The Fall of the Bastille – a prison that symbolizes the king’s oppression
1. July 14th, 1789 – a mob surrounds the Bastille in an attempt to steal
weapons and defend the National Assembly (responding to the long
sending out soldiers through Paris)
2. Armed with axes, they freed seven prisoners
3. Soldiers open fire, killing 98 rioters as they take over the prison
C. Violence in the Countryside
1. The Great Fear – a wave of violence swept the countryside, peasants
robbed landowners and drove many from their homes
2. This is the first wave of the revolution!
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------I. The End of the Old Order – Stage 1 – A power struggle for what type of government
France should have
1. Royalists – want an absolute monarch
2. Moderates – want a constitutional monarchy
3. Radicals – want no monarchy
A. A Declaration of Rights
1. August 4th, 1789 – the National Assembly voted to end all Noble
Privileges; the final end to feudalism!
a. No feudal dues
b. Nobles must pay taxes
c. Any man can hold government, military, or church office
B. The French Constitution (still used today)
1. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
a. August 1789
b. All people are equal before the law
c. Freedom of speech
d. Freedom of religion
e. No arbitrary arrest/punishment
f. Based on the American Declaration of
Independence and the English Bill of Rights
g. Did not include women
h. Louis XVI refused to accept this
C. March to Versailles
1. October 1789 – thousands of women demanding bread marched in the
rain to the Palace of Versailles wielding pitchforks and sticks
2. King and Queen agree to return to Paris and face the issues
II. A New France
A. Political Reforms
1. Bishop Talleyrand – 1790 – backs the ideas of selling church lands to
pay of part of the huge national debt
2. Civil Constitution – puts the church under control of the government;
they would now be elected and paid salary
B. Constitution of 1791 – a new Constitution kept king (monarch) but limited
royal power
1. Sets up unicameral legislation – one house assembly; members are
chosen by votes
2. Delegates were seated according to their political beliefs
a. Left – Radicals
b. Center – Moderates
c. Right – Royalists
These groups became more and more divided
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------The English Civil War – 17th Century
- Monarchy = King
- Conflict: disputes over the monarchy will plunge England into a Civil War
The English Civil War
Essential Questions
- What factors led to a civil war in England?
- Who was the conflict between?
- What was the outcome?
Vocabulary (Terms/People)
- Divine Right
- Martial Law
- Petition of Right
- Royalist
- Commonwealth
- James I
- Puritans
- Charles I
- William Laud
- Cavaliers
- Roundheads
- Oliver Cromwell
- Parliament = House of Commons and House of Lords
Prelude to the War
- Elizabeth I (daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn) ruled England from 1558 –
1603
- She did not have absolute power. She took Parliament’s views into consideration
when making decisions.
- Elizabeth I was very popular with the people.
- Parliament worked well with her, but after her death in 1603, wanted to extend
their political power!
- Elizabeth I was known as the Virgin Queen
- Tudor monarch finished with Elizabeth’s death
- Elizabeth was the last Tudor, well loved, and worked with Parliament
James I and Opposition to the Crown
- James I replaced Elizabeth I, who died childless.
- James I was the son of Elizabeth’s cousin Mary Queen of Scots.
- James was a Stuart and King Scotland.
- James I declared that he had the Divine Right to rule. This meant that he derived
his power directly from God and he had absolute power on earth.
- He was the first Stuart monarch and had a conflict with Parliament.
- Even though James I had absolute power, he continuously had to ask Parliament
for money.
- Parliament did not like James’ lavish spending.
- After refusing James more money, James began to sell titles of nobility!
- Parliament also became outraged when James I tried to arrange a marriage
between his son and a Spanish Catholic Princess!
- Many feared the return of Catholicism!
Religion and The Monarchy
- During the 1600’s, most people belonged to the Church of England, but they
disagreed with the Church’s doctrine and rituals (they resembled Catholicism)
- The Puritans wanted to purify the Church of these things and began calling for
reform.
- James I (head of the Church and Government) felt that anyone who disagreed
with the Church was disagreeing with the Government
- The Puritans rejected James I and left England for the colonies of North America
James I and His Greatest Contribution
- In 1604, James I had a group of scholars prepare a new translation of the Bible
from Greek and Hebrew to English
- In 1611, the new “King James” Bible was published and became the most well
known version of the Bible.
Charles Inherits the Throne
- In 1625, Charles I became King after his father (James I) dies
- Charles believes in the same things as his father – Divine Right of Kings and No
tolerance for the Puritan views.
Charles I versus Parliament
- Early in his reign Charles asked Parliament for funds to go to war against Spain
and France.
- They only gave him a fraction of the amount he requested…so Charles I dissolves
Parliament and tries to raise the money on his own.
- Charles forces landowners to give him “loads” and if they refused, he would put
them in jail.
- Charles also forced his people to house his troops in their homes.
- Some areas were even placed under martial law, or temporary military rule.
- 1668: Charles I calls Parliament into session.
- Parliament approves the tax increase that Charles needs for war with Spain and
France.
- But to get the money, Charles I had to give up some of his power
Petition of Right
- Limits King’s power
- Charles had to sign the Petition of Right, which limited his power in four ways:
1. The king was forbidden to collect taxes or force loans without Parliaments
consent.
2. The king could not imprison anyone without just cause.
3. Troops could not be housed in a private home against the will of the owner.
4. The king could not declare martial law unless the country was at war.
- After receiving his funds and signing the Petition of Right, Charles dissolves
parliament and vows never to call them into session again. Charles violates the
Petition over and over again.
Charles and the Church
- Charles names William Laud to be Archbishop of Canterbury, the leading official
of the Church of England.
- Together they begin to persecute the Puritans.
1. Denying them the right to preach or publish
2. Burning Puritan writings
3. Publicly whipping them
- Many fled England for the American Colonies
- Their exodus from England (1630 – 1643) is known as the Great Migration.
- Charles and Laud turn their attentions toward Scotland.
- They try to force the Calvinist Church of Scotland to accept the English prayer
book.
- Scotland was willing to go to war to protect their religious freedoms!
- In 1640, Scotland invades England
- Charles needs money so, after 11 years, he summons Parliament
- They refuse to discuss anything without first voicing their complaints
- Charles dissolves Parliament again after only three weeks.
- This became known as the Short Parliament
The Long Parliament
- Charles again becomes desperate for money and summons Parliament again
- This session is controlled by very angry Puritans who were determined to
decrease Charles’ power
- This session is known as the Long Parliament
- The Long Parliament:
1. Abolished courts that punished Charles’ opponents
2. Passed a law stating the Parliament must be called every three years
3. Ended illegal taxation
4. Jailed and later executed Archbishop Laud
Divisions in Parliament
- Puritans controlled both Parliament and the Church of England
- Their power increased greatly…
- However, Ireland (Roman Catholic) rebelled
- Parliament then began to face rebellion both in Scotland and Ireland
- Royalist in Parliament
1. Made up of those who supported the King and opposed Puritan control of the
Church of England
2. Debates between these two groups became very heated
- June 1642 Parliament sent Charles the Nineteen Propositions, which made
Parliament the supreme power in England
- Charles refused and attempted to arrest five prominent Parliamentary leaders
The English Civil War Begins
- Cavaliers:
Charles gathers together an army made up of his loyal nobles and his “Calvary” or
armed horsemen. His troops were gathered from parts of Southern and Eastern
England.
- Roundheads:
Supporters of Parliament and the Puritans gathered forces from loyal supporters in
the Northern and Western parts of the country.
Parliament placed their military forces under the leadership of Oliver Cromwell.
The English Civil War
- After four years of conflict, the Royalists would surrender in May 1646
- Parliament took complete control of the English government
- Puritan leaders removed the rest of their competition from Parliament, leaving
behind what was known as the Rump Parliament
The End of the Monarchy
- Charles I surrendered in 1647
- Charles I was tried, sentenced, and executed (beheaded) in 1649
A New Government
- The Rump Parliament set up a republic known as the Commonwealth
- Cromwell’s army crushed uprisings in Ireland and Scotland
- Cromwell would eventually crush any opposition to his power
- He was backed by a well trained and disciplined army
Oliver Cromwell and a New Government
- Cromwell would dismiss the Rump Parliament
- He placed England under military rule, with himself as Lord Protector
- Cromwell enforced Puritan restrictions on all citizens:
1. No Drinking
2. No Swearing
3. No Gambling
The End of Cromwell’s Rule
- Cromwell would die in 1658.
- Cromwell’s son Richard would try to hold the government together, but would be
unsuccessful
- Many were tired of military rule and strict Puritan codes of behavior
- In 1660 a newly elected Parliament restored the Monarchy under Charles II.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------A King Returns to the Throne
I.
The Merry Monarch – Charles II returns to London in 1660. People are glad
to be rid of Puritan restrictions
A. Restoration
i.
Charles is known as Merry Monarch because he likes lavish
parties, culture, and entertainment/science.
ii.
Charles II has no legitimate heirs
B. Charles II and Religion
i.
Outwardly – serves church of England and is Protestant
ii.
Inwardly – Catholic
iii.
Believed Parliament should decide England’s religious
issues.
iv.
Made the Church of England the official state religious
affiliation
v.
You had to be a member to go to the university or hold public
office.
C. Limiting Royal Power
i.
Petition of Rights (still in affect)
ii.
Constitutional Monarchy
1. Monarch’s powers are limited by constitutions
2. In England, Constitution is not a single document
D. Disasters
i.
Plague of 1665 – kills 100,000+ people in London
ii.
Fire of 1666 – Great Fire of London burned portion of
London; killed out plague
E. Political Parties – Because Charles II has no legitimate heir the throne
would go to his brother James II who is a practicing Catholic. Does
England want another Catholic King???
*Divisions of Parliament
Whigs – want to exclude James II from being king because
he is Catholic
ii.
Tories – want to defend heredity line of monarchs/keep the
rulers in the direct bloodline for throne.
**Habeas Corpus – as a law – states that you can’t be put in prison
without just cause and trial by jury.
A Bloodless Revolt
A. Overview
i.
Charles II dies in 1685
ii.
James II becomes King (Remember he is Catholic)
iii.
This ends the peace with Parliament
iv.
James II wants absolute power
v.
He also wants to put Catholics in government positions.
B. A Glorious Revolution
i.
Patience for Parliament – If they hold out until James II dies,
throne goes to Protestant daughter Mary II.
ii.
Mary II is marred to William III of Orange ruler of the
Netherlands
iii.
James II’s second wife has a newborn son who would be
raised Catholic
iv.
Parliament must act!
v.
Whigs and Tories unite against James II
vi.
They invite William and Mary to invade England and take
the crown
vii.
James II flees England for France
viii. William and Mary take the throne with out bloodshed!
***The Peaceful transfer of power was so different from previous
struggles it was called a Glorious Revolution!
C. New Limits on Royal Power
i.
English Bill of Rights (The things the King can’t do without
the consent of Parliament)
1. Can’t raise taxes without consent of Parliament
2. Can’t maintain army
3. Can’t suspend laws
4. Guarantees individual rights
5. Trial by jury and no cruel and unusual punishment
6. Citizens can speak freely in front of Parliament
ii.
Act of Settlement: A catholic can no longer be king – 1701
Parliament (Bicameral meaning two houses – Commons and Lords) and the
Crown – A Constitutional Monarchy
A. House of Commons
i.
Men only
ii.
Property owning men (must own land)
iii.
In England, only 250,000 out of 6 million own land
iv.
Being in Parliament doesn’t pay.
B. House of Lords
i.
II.
III.
i.
Noble by birth
C. The Crown
i.
Could not rule without Parliament’s consent
D. Parties and the Cabinet
i.
Cabinet – small group of advisors made up of both
houses/parties and leads Parliament
ii.
Prime Minister – leader of the Cabinet
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------The American Revolution
I. The British Empire in the Americas
A. Colonies
- Owned by England
- Used for raw materials, which are timber, tobacco, corn, sugarcane, cotton,
etc.
B. Navigation Acts – series of Acts passed during 1700’s; only place you can
ship raw goods is England, colonies can only ship goods to England
II. Colonial Power
King appoints royal government for each colony
Royal government appoints judges/officials
Each colony has an elected assembly (judges and officials)
(Only white, property-owning men)
III. Tightening Colonial Control – England tightens control
A. Land west of Mississippi – England makes it illegal to go west of
Mississippi
B. Stamp Act – 1765 – tax on all printed goods (newspapers, legal
documents)
C. Direct Tax – paid directly to the English government; “no taxation
without representation”
IV. Colonial Protest (Immediate)
A. Boycott – refuse to do something, like buy British goods
B. Unrest in Boston Massacre
1. Declaring Acts – 1766 – parliament declares they have the right to
make the laws they want to in the colonies
2. 1777 Parliamentary Laws/Taxes
3. Boston Massacre – 5 people died; got called a “massacre” through
word of mouth
4. Parliament makes repeals – they take back all the taxes except one, the
“Tea Tax”
5. Boston Tea Party – dumped tea into the harbor
6. Intolerable Acts – named by Colonists
a. Closes Boston harbor until tea is paid for
b. British soldiers are now allowed in homes
c. Decreases right to self government – limits
number of times the elected assembly can meet
V. The War for Independence
A. Revolution – violent overthrow of government
7. Traitors – everyone who stood up against country
B. Long and Bitter War
1. Advantages
a. America
i. Have General George Washington
ii. Home-field advantage
iii. Don’t have to win the war, just hold out till British give
up
iv. French come in and give money, soldiers, etc.
b. England
i. Large, well-trained, well-supplied army
2. Disadvantages
a. America
i. We can’t fight them in open field because they have more
guns; they’ve been trained
b. England
i. Long distance across Atlantic for supplies, ammunition,
clothing, food, etc.
ii. Must conquer a whole country instead of small group
C. Yorktown – October 1781 – British surrender
VI. United States Government – Great Britain recognizes independence and our country
A. Confederation – Articles of Confederation – lose union of states (13 states)
B. No central government – no national government (for taxes, trade, money)
C. Constitution
1. Federal System – authority divided between state and national
government
2. National Government
a. Separation of Powers
b. Checks and Balances
i. Legislative – makes laws
ii. Executive – enforces laws
iii. Judicial – interprets laws
3. Elections 1789
- First President – George Washington
4. Bill of Rights – guarantees us individual rights (1st 10 amendments)
D. Republics Significance – going to inspire others around the world to rise
against oppression
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------I. Decline of the Monarch
A. Aware of the Unrest – June 1791 – Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette decide to
flee to Austria (Queen’s brother is the king there); they leave in a carriage at night in
disguise; they are recognized at an inn and are arrested and held as political prisoners in
their castle; this changes the revolution from moderate to radical
B. War - 1972
1. French revolutionary leaders declare war on Austria; many nobles had
sought refuge there
2. Austria was soon joined by Prussia and Sardina
3. This puts France in total chaos
C. September Massacres – many nobles/priests are executed for political crimes
*DAWN OF A NEW ERA*
Victory against Austria and Prussia due to thousands of French volunteers who
wanted to defend the revolution
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------I. The French Republic (after the war)
A. End of Monarchy
B. Declare France a republic
C. National Convention members were all middle class professionals
(lawyers, doctors, etc.); men only!
II. Death of the King
A. Trial and Execution
1. A box of letters from Louis XVI to other monarchs in Europe were
discovered; they were used to discredit the royal family
2. December 1792 – Louis was tried for “conspiracy against the liberty of
the nation”
3. January 1793 – Louis XVI was beheaded on the guillotine; people
celebrate the success of the republic
B. Toward the Future – while people in France celebrate, debate erupts in the
convention
1. Radicals (left) Jacobins
a. Known as the mountains because they set on high benches in
back
b. Maxiiliean Robespierre
c. George-Jacques Darion
d. Jean-Paul Marat
e. The three above saw themselves as the wise of the people and
defenders of the revolution
2. Moderates
a. Wanted to defend/protect the wealthy middle class
b. They organized support to resist growing mountain
3. Center – Plains
a. Largest group who were undecided; most eventually joined
mountains, making the revolution radical
Radical Stage – Bloody Revolution; This is the beginning of Stage 2
III. Spread Revolution (many European monarchs feared the spread of revolution)
A. French expansionism
1. Liberty, equality, and fraternity; revolutionary leaders
desired to spread the revolution to other parts of Europe
2. Committee of Public Safety – formed in 1793 to direct
war effort; ran by Robespierre
3. Conscription Draft – calling all men between ages 18 to
45 for military service
B. The Reign of Terror Begins
1. July 1793 to July 1794
2. Jacobins set out to crush opposition
3. Committees hunt down anyone suspected of being
traitor
4. Many are falsely accused, including Marie Antoinette
5. Approximately 40,000 people were killed on the
Guillotine
C. End of Terror
1. ????? And supporters called for end to terror
2. Robespierre accused them of being traitors and had
them executed
3. Terror finally ends when all leaders turned on
Robespierre and has him executed
IV. The Directory – 1795 (under the new Constitution)
A. Directory – control of the government held by 5 men
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1920’s and the Great Depression
Age of Anxiety; the Interwar Years – between WWI and WWII
- World War I was a staggering blow to Western Civilization.
- Many people felt themselves increasingly adrift in a strange, uncertain, and
uncontrollable world.
- People saw themselves living in an age of continual crisis (until at least the
early 1950’s)
- The Kellogg-Briand Pact of 1928 – renounced war as “illegal” except for selfdefense. Signed by 62 nations but had no real enforcement mechanism.
I.
Politics in the 1920’s
A. 1919ism – Fear of Bolshevism swept through Europe (also known as “Red
Scare”)
B. Weimar Republic – new German democratic state after WWI
1. New constitution created in August 1919.
2. Reichsrat: upper chamber represented the Federal states (similar
to the Legislative branch in US Government)
3. Reichstag: lower house elected by universal suffrage (similar to
the Executive branch in US Government)
4. President elected for a seven-year term.
C. Versailles Treaty Viewpoints
1. To Germans of all political parties, the Versailles Treaty
represented a harsh, dictated peace, to be revised or repudiated as
soon as possible.
2. France was eager to punish Germany.
II.
III.
3. Great Britain believed a healthy German economy was essential
to a healthy British economy
4. John Maynard Keynes – (most significant economist of the 20th
Century) criticized the Versailles Treaty; declaring its punishing
of Germany would damage the European economy.
5. Effect on Germany (BRAT)
i.
Blame – Germany is blamed for starting the war
ii.
Reparations – Germany must pay for the war
iii.
Army – Treaty limits army to 100,000 men
iv.
Territory – They loose Alsax and Lorrain
Problems Facing the Weimar Republic
A. “Forced Acceptance of Peace” (Versailles Treaty) undermined it prestige
B. Communist rebellions in various parts of the country created a climate of
instability
C. Ruhr Crisis – 1923 in Ruhr River area
1. Reparations – Allies announced in 1921 Germany had to pay
almost $34 Billion
2. Germany’s economy was weak and it could not pay all
reparations
3. In 1923, France occupies the industrial Ruhr area of Germany
4. German government ordered Ruhr people to stop working and
passively resist French occupation.
5. Runaway inflation occurred when Germany printed money to
pay reparations.
i.
Social Revolution is occurring in Germany; workers are
gaining power.
ii.
Middle Class and retired class savings were wiped out.
iii.
Resented Government (Weimar government) because it
can’t protect them.
iv.
Blamed Western government, big businesses, workers,
Jews, and Communists for nations woes.
D. Beer Hall Putch – 1923 Adolf Hitler failed to overthrow state Bavaria and
sentenced to jail. This is Hitler’s first attempt to gain power.
E. Dawes Plan of 1924 – Restructured Germany’s debt with U.S. loans to
Germany to pay back Britain and France; who likewise paid back U.S.
i.
Resulted in German economic recovery
F. Mein Kampf – “My Struggle”
i.
Hitler wrote this book while he was in jail
ii.
Blames Jews for suffering/conspiracy for Leadership
iii.
Anti-Sematic (Anti-religious)
iv.
Militaristic
v.
Hatred of Judaism and Communism
France
A. Economic Problems – similar to that of Germany’s economic problems
B. Death, devastation, and debt of WWI created economic chaos and political
unrest
IV.
V.
C. 1920’s government (multi-party system) dominated by the parties on the
right (conservatives), which supported status quo and had backing of
businesses, armies, and churches.
Great Britain
A. Wartime trend toward greater social equality continued, helping maintain
social harmony.
B. Unemployment is Britain’s greatest problem (12%)
C. 1926 General Strike – support of miners who feared a dramatic drop in
their low wages swept the country
i.
Government outlawed such labor actions in 1927
D. Labor Parties rose as champion of the working classes and of greater
social equality and took power briefly (9 months). It was designed to
protect working people; similar to Unions.
E. Conservatives under Stanley Baldwin (1867-1947) ruled Britain between
1924 and 1929.
F. Foreign Policy
i.
End of protectorate in Egypt except for the Suez Canal.
ii.
Equality of British dominions – gave freedom to
Canada and Australia.
The Great Depression (shattered the fragile optimism of political leaders in
the late 1920’s)
A. Causes
i.
Long-term US Economic Problems
ii.
Weak international economy
iii.
Over production
iv.
Unstable Banking (all throughout US)
v.
Certain weak industries
vi.
½ of all Americans lived below the poverty line
B. Stock Market Crash of 1929 – triggered US depression that spread worldwide
C. Impact of Europe
i.
Decline of production occurred in every country
(except Russia with its Command Economy – everyone
makes the same)
ii.
Mass unemployment resulted: Germany hit hardest
with 43%, Britain at 18%, and the US at 25%. (The US
rate will go up.)
D. FDR’s “New Deal” – sought to reform capitalism with increased
government intervention in the economy
i.
Keynesian Approach – used after 1938 to permanently
prop up the economy through public works programs
and subsidies
E. British recovery (years after 1932; actually better than 1920’s)
i.
Went off Gold Standard
ii.
Reorganized industry
iii.
Reformed finances
iv.
Cut government spending
i.
Not as highly industrialized as Great Britain, Germany,
and US; felt impact later
“French New Deal” – inspired by U.S. “New Deal”
1. Encourages union development
2. Far-reaching social reform – paid vacations and 40
hour work week
F. France
ii.