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Chapter 9 Environmental Health
Chapter 9 Homework
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Lesson 1 Pg. 260 #1 – 5
Lesson 2 Pg. 266 #1 – 4
Lesson 3 Pg. 276 # 1 – 5
Lesson 4 Pg. 283 # 1 – 3
Chapter Assessment Pg. 287 # 1 - 31 SKIP #18, 25, 26, 27, 29
Lesson 9.1 An Overview of Environmental Health
Objectives:
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List the types of environmental health hazards
Compare and contrast epidemiology and toxicology
Describe the reasons why individuals respond differently to the same environmental risks
Discuss risk assessment.
Types of Environmental Health Hazards
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_________________________: Viruses, bacteria, and other organisms that cause diseases
(ex: Flu, pet dander)
_________________________: Lifestyle choices that endanger health (ex: smoking)
_________________________: Harmful artificial and natural chemicals in the environment
(ex: disinfectants)
_________________________: Natural disasters and ongoing natural phenomena, such as UV
radiation, that can cause health problems (Ex: earthquake)
Epidemiology (Biological Environmental Hazard)
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The study of disease in human populations – how and where they occur and how they can be
_________________________.
Often involves studying large groups over _____________ periods.
Can determine statistical associations between ____________________ hazards and effects, but
can’t prove the hazards actually caused the effects.
Toxicology (Chemical Environmental Hazard)
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The study of how ________________________ substances affect an organism’s health
______________________ is a measure of how harmful a substance is.
Toxicologists look at toxicity by determining ____________ - ______________________
relationships.
Dose – Response Relationship
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______________ - the amount of substance an organism is exposed to. Includes:
o _____________________________ of substance
o Time of exposure
________________________ - effect an organism shows as a result of exposure
Examples:
o Exposure to radiation in high doses can result in death
o Exposure to radiation in low doses can result in illness
______________________ dose – level of dosage that must be met to bring about a response
Determining Dose-Response Relationships
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Hard to determine in humans because:
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Most people are _______________________ exposed to a hazard which is then difficult
to determine the dose
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People are exposed to different _________________________ hazards daily
Scientists test effects of hazard on animals which makes it easier to control _________________
Individual Responses
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Sensitivity to hazards varies with age, sex, _________________, and immune system health.
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A person’s _______________ and environment affect chances of suffering from a disease
Risk Assessment
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______________: the probability that a hazard will cause harm
Risk ___________________________: the process of measuring risk
Takes into account:
o The type of hazard
o How ____________________________ humans will be exposed to it
o How ________________________ people are to it
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Lesson 9.2 Biological and Social Hazards
Objectives:
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Describe how infectious diseases are spread
Explain why emerging diseases are important to monitor and control
Differentiate between social hazards that are lifestyle choices and those that cannot be
controlled
Infectious Diseases
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Caused by ________________________ (virus, bacteria)
Spread by human and animal contact and through ________________________ food and water
Cause of almost __________ of all deaths in developing nations
Covering your mouth when you cough, washing your hands often, and staying home from school
if you’re sick help __________________ the spread of infectious disease
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Human to Human: HIV spread through _________________ and bodily fluids, TB spread through
coughing, sneezing, speaking, spitting
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Water or Food: ____________________ is spread through contaminated water
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Other Organisms: spread by “_____________________” who do not suffer from the disease
themselves; example is ticks and mosquitoes
Emerging Diseases
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Diseases appearing in the human population for the ______________ time or suddenly
beginning to spread rapidly
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Humans have little or no resistance, and no ____________________ have been developed.
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Facilitated by increasing human mobility, growing antibiotic ________________________, and
environmental
changes
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Example is __________________
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_______________________ – an outbreak that becomes widespread and affects a whole
region, continent, or world.
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Increasing ___________________ – when people move around the Earth, they may be taking
pathogens with them
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Antibiotic Resistance – disease becomes resistant to our medicines through
_________________ __________________________
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A Changing _______________________ – when people cut down forests, they come in contact
with new pathogens; climate change allows spread of disease into new, formerly cooler areas
Responding to Emerging Diseases
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World Health Organization (WHO): Monitors health events ____________________ and
coordinates international responses to emerging diseases
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): Responds to emerging diseases in the
_____________ _________________; the CDC developed pandemic plans to deal with the
spread of the H1N1 flu virus.
Social Hazards
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Some social hazards are easier to ________________ than others
Examples of social hazards include _____________________, being exposed to secondhand
smoke, living near an old toxic waste site, working with harmful ____________________, and
eating fatty foods
Lesson 9.3 Toxic Substances in the Environment
Objectives
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Explain what makes chemicals hazardous
Discuss how chemical hazards affect human health
List some indoor chemical hazards
Discuss where chemical hazards can be found in the environment
Describe biomagnifications
Chemical Hazards
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Any chemical can be harmful in large enough amounts, even __________________
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A ____________________ is something released into the environment that has some harmful
impact on people and other organisms.
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Chemical hazards are not necessarily pollutants, and pollutants are not necessarily chemical
hazards.
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Poison Ivy is a chemical _________________ but not a pollutant
Types of Chemical Hazards
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________________________: Cancer-causing chemicals
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Chemical _______________________: Chemicals that cause genetic mutations
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________________________: Chemicals that harm embryos and fetuses
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________________________: Chemicals that affect the nervous system (lead, mercury,
pesticides)
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_____________________ disruptors: Chemicals that interfere with the endocrine system
(hormones)
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________________________: Chemicals that over-activate the immune system (Asthma)
Indoor Chemical Hazards
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Asbestos –
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used widely in __________________________
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when disturbed releases fibers into the air, fibers can be inhaled and lodged in lung
tissue causing ____________ _____________________
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Radon –
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colorless, odorless, highly toxic _________________________ gas
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Made and released naturally when ________________________ decays
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Can cause lung cancer
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We live in an area with high radon potential
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
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Released into air from _________________________, perfume, pesticide
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Usually level of human exposure is low
Carbon Monoxide
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Colorless and ______________________ gas
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Unvented stoves, car exhaust, cigarette smoke
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Can cause headaches, dizziness, nausea, fatigue, death
________________ –
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In air, drinking water (lead pipes), soil, paint, dust, etc.
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Causes damage to brain, liver, kidneys, stomach, learning problems, behavior
abnormalities, anemia, hearing loss, death
Sources of Outdoor Chemical Hazards
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In the air: Natural sources, such as _______________________ _______________________, or
human sources, such as pesticides
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Wind can carry chemicals far away from their original location
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Pesticide __________________ – airborne transport of pesticides
In the ground:
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Pesticide use, improper disposal of _________________________________, etc.
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Humans can __________________ them, absorb them by touching contaminated soil,
or ingest them through produce
In the water: Chemical runoff from land or direct drainage of toxic substances into water
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_____________________________ are a good indicator of water quality
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Contaminants in streams and rivers can seep into __________________________ water
Bioaccumulation and Biomagnification
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Bio___________________________: The buildup of toxic substances in the bodies of organisms
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Bio___________________________: The increased concentration of toxic substances with each
step in a food chain
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___________________________ ___________________________
___________________________ (POPs) are biomagnified and stay in the environment for long
periods of time and over long distances.
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Example: ____________
Lesson 9.4 Natural Disasters
Objectives
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Discuss how earthquakes affect structures on Earth’s surface
Discuss how volcanoes affect human lives and property
Describe tornadoes, hurricanes, and thunderstorms
Discuss the dangers of avalanches
Earthquakes
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Earth’s crust is broken into large pieces called ___________________ ________________which
float on a layer of molten rock.
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Earthquakes tend to occur along active plate _____________________________.
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Earthquakes can damage structures and trigger _______________________ and
________________________.
Earthquakes: Surface Effects
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Can cause ground to sink and soil to ____________________________
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______________________________ – occur when rock and soil slide down a slope
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______________________________ – large ocean wave that results from an earthquake at the
bottom of the ocean
Volcanoes
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Openings in Earth’s crust that eject molten _________________ and other materials
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Ash and gases from volcanic eruptions can block sunlight, causing temperatures to
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Eruptions can trigger landslides and ________________________________
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Molten lava can cover and destroy surrounding land.
Storms
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__________________________: Rotating funnels of air that can travel over 400 km (250 mi) per
hr
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__________________________: Storms that form over tropical oceans, with winds over 119 km
(74 mi) per hour
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__________________________: Produce lightning and thunder, usually with heavy rain
Avalanches
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Masses of _____________________ that slide down a slope
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Conditions favoring avalanches
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Slope greater than _________ degrees
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______________________ snowpack (hard snow on top of weak snow)
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Heavy snowfall
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_____________________ temperatures