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Biology Study Guide: Notes From Book
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Chemical Pathways (9-1 pg 221-225)
o Notes
 Cellular Respiration Formula: oxygen+ glucose  carbon dioxide+ water+ energy
 Alcoholic Fermentation: pyruvic acid+ NADH alcohol+ carbon dioxide + NAD+
 Lactic Acid Fermentation: pyruvic acid+ NADH lactic acid+ NAD+
 One gram of glucose releases 3811 calories of heat energy when burned in the
presence of oxygen.
 1 Calorie (big c) is actually a kilocalorie and is 1000calories (little c).
 MORE NOTES IN OTHER PART OF STUDY GUIDE
o Vocabulary
 calorie: The amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1g of water 1
degree Celsius.
 Glycolysis: Relases only a small amount of energy. There are two paths one with
oxygen and one without oxygen.
 Cellular respiration: The process that releases energy by breaking down food
molecules in the presence of oxygen.
 NAD+: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD). It is an electron carrier and
accepts high energy electrons.
 Fermentation: Releases energy from food molecules in the absence of oxygen.
 Anaerobic: “Not in air”. The processes doesn’t require oxygen (ex. Fermentation)
o Key Concepts
 Glycolysis is the process in which one molecule of glucose is broken in half,
producing two molecules of pyruvic acid, a 3-carbon compound.
 During glycolysis, glucose is broken down into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid.
 The two main types of fermentation are alcoholic fermentation and lactic acid
fermentation.
 Lactic acid fermentation converts glucose into lactic acid.
The Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport (9-2 pg 226-232)
o Notes
 The Krebs cycle begins when pyruvic acid produced by glycolsis enteres the
mitochondrion.
 Krebs cycle products (carbon dioxide, NADH, and FADH2) go to different places. The
CO2 gets released and is the source of all CO2 in your breath. The other two
products go to the ECT to help make ATP.
 ECT of eukaryotes: Composed of a series of carrier proteins that are located in the
inner membrane of the mitochondrion.
 ECT of prokaryotes: The same chain is in the cell membrane.
 In ECT oxygen serves as the final electron acceptor of the electrons. It is essential for
getting rid of low-energy electrons and hydrogen ions, the products of cellular
respiration.
Biology Study Guide: Notes From Book
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The inner membrane of the mitochondria contains spheres called ATP synthases. As
the H+ ions escape through channels into these proteins, the ATP synthases spin.
Each time it rotates the enzyme grabs a low-energy ADP and attaches a phosphate
forming the high-energy ATP molecule.
 Quick Energy: Created though lactic acid fermentation.
 Long-Term Energy: Your body can only generate energy for exercise longer than
about 90 seconds through cellular respiration.
Vocabulary
 Aerobic: A process that requires oxygen. (ex. Cellular Respiration)
 Krebs Cycle: In the presence of oxygen, pyruvic acid produced in glycolysis passes to
the second stage of cellular respiration known as the Krebs cycle (more notes under
key concepts).
 Electron Transport Chain (ECT): The ECT uses high-energy electrons from the Krebs
cycle to convert ADP to ATP.
Key Concepts
 During the Krebs cycle, pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of
energy- extracting reactions.
 During the Krebs cycle, pyruvic acid from glycolysis is used to make carbon dioxide,
NADH, ATP, and FADH2.